CONJUNCTIONS
Ø Subash got a first class and he
admitted into a good collage. Minati got a first class, but he couldn’t
admit into a good college.
Ø Subash admitted into a good collage,
for he got a first class.
Ø I saw a tiger while I was walking to
school.
Ø He met a man who was hurry.
ଏଠାରେ and, but, for, while ଓ who ଇତ୍ୟାଦି words ଦୁଇଟି
sentence କୁ
join କରିଛି
| ସେଗୁଡିକ joining word ବା
conjunction କହନ୍ତି
|
Conjunctions = joining words = liking
words.
The word or
phrase that joins two or more sentence is called a conjunction.
conjunction
|
||
Co-ordinator
|
Sub- ordinator
|
|
Co-ordinating
conjunction
|
Co-relative
conjunction
|
Which, who, whom, whose, that…..
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And, but, for, although
|
Both…and, either…or neither…nor
|
|
Ø Sunil got a first class.
Ø Radha admitted into a good college.
Ø Sunil got a first class and he admitted into good
college.
Ø Sunil admitted into a good college for he got a first
class.
1.
ଏଠାରେ ୨ଟି ଯାକ sentence
କେବଳ ଗୋଟିଏ linking
word ଦ୍ୱାରା join ହେଉଛି
ଓ ସେମାନଙ୍କର କୌଣସି ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ହେଉନାହିଁ
ତେଣୁ ଏହି linking word ବା conjunction କୁ co-ordinator କହନ୍ତି |
2.
Co-ordinator ଦ୍ୱାରା ଯେଉଁ longer sentence ତିଆରି ହୁଏ ତାହାକୁ compound sentence କହନ୍ତି |
ତେବେ କେତେକ co-ordinators ଉଦାହରଣ—and, but,
after, before, or, yet, still, for, since, till, until, however, as well as,
and…as well, moreover, therefore, as, as if, though, if , unless etc.
Ø I saw a man. He was unhappy.
Ø I saw a man who was unhappy.
Ø Here is the boy. You want to know him.
Ø Here is the boy whom you want to know.
3.
ଏଠାରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ୨ଟି sentence joining word who ଓ whom ଦ୍ୱାରା join କରାଯାଇଛି |
କିନ୍ତୁ ଗୋଟିଏ sentence ର ସ୍ୱାତନ୍ତ୍ର୍ୟ ନଷ୍ଟ
ହୋଇଛି | ଏବଂ ସେ longer sentence ର ଗୋଟିଏ part ହୋଇଯାଇଛି ଓ ଏହାର full meaning ନାହିଁ | ତେଣୁ ଏହିସବୁ linking wordକୁ କହନ୍ତି sub-ordinator.
4.
Sun-ordinator ଦ୍ୱାରା complex sentence formation ହୁଏ |
5.
That, which, who, whose, at
which ଇତ୍ୟାଦି sub-ordinator.
Interjections
Ø Alas ! he is no more.
Ø Hurah! I got a first class.
Underline ଗୁଡିକ Interjections.
Interjection
is the word that express sudden feeling. ଅନ୍ୟ Interjection ଗୁଡିକ ହେଲା Ah,
Oh ଇତ୍ୟାଦି |
Punctuations
Ø I am happy.
Ø Am I happy?
Ø I, my friend and you are right.
Ø He said, “What is your name?”
Underline ହୋଇଥିବା ଛିହ୍ନ
ଗୁଡିକୁ ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ କର, ସେ ଗୁଡିକ .,!” ” ? ଇତ୍ୟାଦି |
ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ Punctuations କହନ୍ତି |
( . ) = Full Stop
1.
I am right.
2.
Chilika is a beautiful lake.
3.
He said his name is Rupesh.
4.
He asked what my name was.
5.
Come here.
ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟକର ଉପରଲିଖିତ ସମସ୍ତ sentence ଶେଷରେ ( . ) Fullstop
ରହିଛି |
a)
a.m. = ante meridian
b)
p.m. = post meridian
Abbreviation
(ଶବ୍ଦ ସଂକ୍ଷିପ୍ତ କରଣ) ରେ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ letter ପରେ ବସେ |
? = Question mark = interrogative mark
Ø Are you ready?
Ø What are you doing?
1.
Direct question ଶେଷରେ ଏହି ଚିହ୍ନ
ବସେ |
2.
କିନ୍ତୁ Indirect
question ଶେଷରେ ଏହି ଚିହ୍ନ ବସେ ନାହିଁ |
(He asked what my name was.)
! = Exclamatory mark
Ø What a noise!
Ø How nice!
1.
ଯେକୌଣସି exclamatory
sentence ଶେଷରେ ବସିବ |
His wife has just given both to triplets. ‘Triplets?!’
2.
ଏହି sentence ଶେଷରେ ? ଓ ! ଅଛି, ଏହା surprise
with joke ପାଇଁ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୋଇପାରେ |
, = Comma
1. ଗୋଟିଏ list ରେ ଥିବା word ଗୁଡିକୁ ପରସ୍ପର
ଠାରୁ ଅଲଗା କରିବାକୁ ( , ) ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ | (କିନ୍ତୁ and ପାଖରେ comma ବସେ ନାହିଁ |)
Ø I bought a pen, a pencil, an exercise book and a geometry
box.
Ø A tiger, a lone, and an elephant were friends.
2. Complex ଓ compound sentence ରେ clause ଗୁଡିକୁ ଅଲଗା
କରିବାକୁ statement ପରେ comma ବସେ |
Ø He came, but he forgot to bring his mobile.
3. ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟକର ଏଗୁଡିକ question tag. ତେଣୁ tag କୁ statement ରୁ ଅଲଗା କରିବାକୁ statement ପରେ comma ବସେ |
Ø I like you, don’t
I?
v He met his friend, Mr Das.
v My sister, Amita is here.
4. ଏହି use କୁ apposition କୁହାଯାଏ | ତେଣୁ apposition ଅର୍ଥାତ ୨ଟି phrase ଗୋଟିଏକୁ ବୁଝାଇଲେ
ସେମାନଙ୍କ ମଝିରେ comma ବସେ |
5. Direct speech ରେ quotation ବା inverted commas ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଥିବା sentence କୁ ଅଲଗା କରିବାପାଇଁ ଅହା ପୂର୍ବରୁ ବା ପରେ comma ବସେ |
v He said, “I am busy.”
v “I am tired” said he.
v “I am tired”, he said.
6. କୌଣସି ସମ୍ୱୋଧନ
ପୂର୍ବରୁ ବା ପରେ comma ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ |
v May I come in, Sir?
v Come here, Rajesh.
: = Colon
Ø I visited the places: Puri, Konark and Lingaraj Temple.
Ø He bought the things: books, pens, and study materials.
a. ଏଠାରେ places ଓ things ଗୋଟିଏ ଗୋଟିଏ class ବା groupକୁ ବୁଝାଏ |
b. ଯଦି ଏହିପରି group ବା class expression ପରେ ସେ ଗୁଡିକରେ example ଥାଏ, ସେଠାରେ colon
ବସେ |
It is a beautiful; garden:
It has a lot of colorful flowers.
c. ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟ ବାକ୍ୟଟି
ପ୍ରଥମର ଅର୍ଥ ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ କରୁଥିଲେ ପ୍ରଥମ sentence ପରେ colon ବସେ |
; = Semi-colon
Ø As I saw him, I greeted him; I also told him everything.
While we were playing, the children were swimming; their mothers were guiding.
ଯଦି ଆଗରୁ comma ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୋଇଥିବ ତେବେ ୨ଟି clause ମଝିରେ semi-colon ବସିପାରେ |
‘ =
Apostrophe
a. Apostrophe -s (‘s) ସହ ବ୍ୟବହାର ହେଲେ ଅର୍ଥ Possessive କୁ ବୁଝାଏ |
Ø Sibani’s pen.
Ø Boy’s High School.
Ø Women’s College.
b. ସାଧାରଣତଃ auxiliary verb ରେ କେତେକ letter omit କଲେ ବା contracted
form କଲାବେଳେ Apostrophe ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ |
Ø I’m = I am
Ø He’s = He is
Ø You’re = You are
-
= Hyphen
Father-in-low, mother-in-୦low
a)
Compound word ତିଆରି କଲାବେଳେ
ପ୍ରତ୍ୟକ part ଅନ୍ୟଠାରୁ ଅଲଗା କରିବାପାଇଁ ଏହା ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ |
b)
ଯଦି କୌଣସି word ର କିଛି ଅଂଶ sentence ର ଶେଷରେ ରହିଲା ଓ ଅନ୍ୟ ଅଂଶଟି ତଳ sentence ର ଆରମ୍ଭରେ ରହିଲା, ତେବେ ପ୍ରଥମ sentence ଶେଷରେ hyphen ବସେ |
c)
ଯଦି ଏକ compound
word ର ଗୋଟିଏ ଅଂଶ sentence ର ଶେଷରେ ଅନ୍ୟ
ଅଂଶଟି ତଳ line ର ଆରମ୍ଭରେ ରହିଲା, ତେବେ line ଆରମ୍ଭରେ hyphen ବସେ |
d)
Twenty-one. Twenty-two, ….
Ninety-nine (21 ରୁ 99) ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ number କୁ wordରେ ଲେଖିଲା ବେଳେ
ମଝିରେ hyphen ଲାଗେ |
e)
ଦୁଇଟି number ମଝିରେ hyphen ଦେଲେ ଏହା to କୁ ବୁଝାଏ |
Ø I was absent from 27.09.2018 – 30.09.2018.
Ø He lived from 1990-1995.
‘ ’ ବା “ ” = Inverted
commas = Quotation marks
i.
Single inverted commas
‘ ‘ British English ଅନୁସାରେ |
ii.
Double inverted commas
‘ ‘ American English ଅନୁସାରେ |
iii.
Name of books, movies, films
etc. inverted comma ମଧ୍ୟରେ ରହେ |
Ø
I have already read, ‘The
Mahabharata’
Ø
He wanted to enjoy,
’Titanic’
iv.
Direct speech ର ସବୁକିଛି inverted commas ମଧ୍ୟରେ ରହେ |
Ø He said, “I am a boy.”
Ø Teacher said, “Mina, Come here.”
/ - Slash = Oblique
Which is the Capital of India?
(Dhaka / New Delhi / Thimpu)
i.
ଏକା ପ୍ରକାର word କୁ ଅଲଗା ଦର୍ଶାଇବା
ପାଇଁ slash ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ |
ii.
Poem ର line ଗୁଡିକୁ ଏଭଳି
ଲେଖିଲେ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ lineକୁ ଅନ୍ୟଠାରୁ ଅଲଗା
କରିବାପାଇଁ slash ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ |