Direct and Indirect Speech

DIRECT SPEECH AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct Speech = ପ୍ରତ୍ୟକ୍ଷ + ଉକ୍ତି = ପ୍ରତ୍ୟକ୍ଷୋକ୍ତି

Indirect Speech = ପରୋକ୍ଷ + ଉକ୍ତି = ପରୋକ୍ଷୋକ୍ତି

Direct Speech (ପ୍ରତ୍ୟକ୍ଷୋକ୍ତି) :- ଯେଉଁ ଉକ୍ତିରେ ବକ୍ତା କହିଥିବା ଅବିକଳ ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡିକ ସିଧାସଳଖ ଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟକ୍ଷୋକ୍ତି କୁହାଯାଏ |

Indirect Speech (ପରୋକ୍ଷୋକ୍ତି) :- ଯେଉଁ ଉକ୍ତିରେ ବକ୍ତା କହିଥିବା କଥାକୁ ସ୍ୱଳ୍ପ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ କରି କିନ୍ତୁ ଅର୍ଥ ସମାନ ରଖି ଅନ୍ୟ ଜଣେ କହେ, ତାହାକୁ ପରୋକ୍ଷୋକ୍ତି କୁହାଯାଏ |

କାଳ	ପ୍ରତ୍ୟକ୍ଷୋକ୍ତି	ପରୋକ୍ଷୋକ୍ତି
ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ	ସେ କହେ, “ମୁଁ ଆଜି ସ୍କୁଲକୁ ଯିବି |”	ସେ କହେ ଯେ ସେ ସେଦିନ ସ୍କୁଲକୁ ଯିବ |
ଅତୀତ	ସେ କହିଲା, “ମୁଁ ଆଜି ସ୍କୁଲକୁ ଯିବି |”	ସେ କହିଲା ଯେ ସେ ସେଦିନ ସ୍କୁଲକୁ ଯିବ |

·         ଇଂରାଜୀରେ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟକ୍ଷୋକ୍ତିକୁ Direct Speech ଓ  ପରୋକ୍ଷୋକ୍ତିକୁ Indirect Speech ବା Reported speech କୁହାଯଏ |

·       Direct speechରେ Speaker = ବକ୍ତା କହିଥିବା ଅବିକଳ ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡିକୁ inverted comma(“ “ ) ଭିତରେ ରହେ |

·        Reported Speech ରେ  inverted comma (“ “ ) ଭିତରେ ରହେ ନାହିଁ |

·       Change of Speech : ସାଧାରଣ ଭାବରେ direct speech କୁ reported speech ରେ convert କରାଯଏ |

·        Direct speechକୁ reported speechରେ convert କଲାବେଳେ ଅର୍ଥ ସମାନ ରଖି ସ୍ୱଳ୍ପ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ କରାଯାଏ |

Direct speech
ଜଣେ କହୁଛି	“କଣ କହୁଛି”
Reporting Speech,	“Reported Speech”
Rama said,	“I am happy.”
Indirect speech
Rama said that he was happy.

·       Reported speech ରେ Verb ର ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ

Reported speech ରେ Auxiliary Verb ର ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ
		Present Tense		Past Tense	Future Tense
1	Simple	Simple present	=>	Simple past	Shall	=>	Should
					Will	=>	Would
					Can	=>	Could
					May	=>	might
2	Progressive	Am / is / are	=>	Was / were
3	Perfect	Have / has Or Simple Past	=>	Had
4	Perfect Continuous	Have been/ has been Or Past Progressive (Was / were)	=>	Had been

·       Reporting verb ଅତୀତ କାଳରେ ଥିବା ହେତୁ Reported speech ର କାଳ ବଦଳୁଥିବା ବେଳେ ନିମ୍ନୋକ୍ତ ଶବ୍ଦମାନଙ୍କର ନିମ୍ନୋକ୍ତ ପ୍ରକାର ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ଘଟେ |

ପୂର୍ବରୁ	ପରେ	ପୂର୍ବରୁ	ପରେ
Now	Then	Today	That day
This	That	Tomorrow	The next day
These	Those	Yesterday	The previous day
Here	There	Last night	The previous night
Come	go	ago	before

ସାଧାରଣ ନିୟମ :

      a) ବାକ୍ୟର ମୂଳ verb (reporting verb) ଟି ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ କିମ୍ୱା ଭବିଷ୍ୟତ କାଳରେ ଥିଲେ Reported speechର verb ର Tense ବଦଳେ ନାହିଁ |

Direct	Indirect
Raju says, “I am naughty.”	Raju says that he is naughty.
Sita says, “I shall not go to temple.”	Sita says that she will not go to temple.

Examples:-

Direct: Ram says, “I am lazy”.

Indirect: Ram says that he is lazy.

Direct: The boy says, “I shall not go to school”.

Indirect: The boy says that he will not go to school.

Direct: I shall say to my friend, “You are wrong”.

Indirect: I shall tell my friend that he is wrong.

      b)  Reporting verb ଅତୀତ କାଳରେ ଥିଲେ Reported speechର ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ଓ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତ କାଳ ବଦଳିଯାଇ ଅନୁରୂପ ଅତୀତରେ ପରିଣତ ହୁଏ |

Direct	Indirect
Jadu said, “I am happy.”	Jadu said that he was happy.
Meena says, “I shall go to temple.”	Sita said that she would go to temple.
Rakesh asked me, “Where are you going.”	Rakesh asked me where I was going.

Examples:-

Direct: He said, “I am happy”,

Indirect: He said that he was happy.

Direct: He said to me, “I shall go to school”.

Indirect: He told me that he would go to school.

Direct: He asked me, “Where are you going”.

Indirect: He asked me where I was going.

      c)  Reporting verb ଅତୀତ କାଳରେ ଥିବାବେଳେ ଯଦି “ “ ମଧ୍ୟସ୍ଥ ବାକ୍ୟର verb ସେହି ଅତୀତ କାଳରେ ଥାଏ, ତେବେ ସେଥିରେ Past Indefinite ବଦଳି Past perfect ହୁଏ ବା ସେହି Past Indefinite ରହେ | ମାତ୍ର Past Continuous ବଦଳି ସର୍ବଦା Perfect Continuous ହୁଏ |

Direct	Indirect
Madhu said, “I did the work.”	Madhu said that he had done the work.
Ritu said, “I was reading book.”	Ritu said that she had been reading book.

    d)  “  “ ମଧ୍ୟସ୍ଥ ବାକ୍ୟଟି ଯଦି କୌଣସି ସାର୍ବଜନୀନ ସତ୍ୟ (Universal truth) ବା ଅଭ୍ୟାସଗତ କଥା (Habitual fact) ପ୍ରକାଶ କରୁଥାଏ, ତେବେ reporting verb ଅତୀତ କାଳରେ ଥାଇ ସୁଦ୍ଧା Reported speechର କାଳ ବଦଳେ ନାହିଁ |

Direct	Indirect
The teacher said, “Oil floats on water.”	The teacher said that oil floats on water.
Ramesh said, “Man is mortal.”	Ramesh said that man is mortal.
My father said. “Honesty is the best policy.”	My father said that honesty is the best policy.
He said, “Time is the almighty.”	He said that time is the almighty.

Examples:-

Direct: He said, “The earth moves round the sun”.

Indirect: He said that the earth moves round the sun.

Direct: The teacher said to us, “We will die one day”.

Indirect: The teacher told us that we will die one day.

Direct: He said, “The Indians are rice eaters”.

Indirect: He said that the Indians are rice eaters.

Direct: They said, “When the cat is away the mice play”.

Indirect: They said that when the cat is away the mice play.

Direct: He said, “Puri is famous for Lord Jagannath”.

Indirect: He said that Puri is famous for Lord Jagannath.

Direct: He said, “The sky is over our head”.

Indirect: He said that the sky is over our head.

Direct: I said, “The bats cannot see in the day time”.

Indirect: I said that the bats cannot see in the day time.

     e)   Assertive sentenceକୁ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ କଲାବେଳେ, “  “ ସ୍ଥାନରେ that ଲାଗେ ଓ Reporting verbକୁ ବଦଳାଇ said, told, answered, replied, stated, submitted ପ୍ରଭୃତି ଲେଖାଯାଏ |

Direct	Indirect
Rahit said, “I have no pen.”	Rahit told that he had no pen.
Jitu said to me, “I have read a novel.”	Jitu said to me that he had read a novel.

     f) Imperative sentence ସ୍ଥଳେ Reporting verbର say ବଦଳି ଯାଇ bid, order, command, advise, pray, request, beg, forbid ଆଦି ହୁଏ ଏବଂ, “  “ ଉଠିଯାଇ Reported speechର verb ରେ to ଲାଗେ |

Direct	Indirect
My boss said, “Go there.”	My boss ordered me to go there.
He said, “Please go there.”	He requested me to go there.
Teacher said, “Read mindfully.”	Teacher advised me to read mindfully.
My friend said, “Let’s go there.”	He suggested that we should go there.

     g) Interrogative sentence (ପ୍ରଶ୍ନବାଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ) ସ୍ଥଳେ Reporting verb say ସ୍ଥାନରେ ask, inquire of, question ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ହୁଏ (ପ୍ରଶ୍ନବାଚକ ବାକ୍ୟମାନଙ୍କ ମୂଳରେ how, what, why, who, which, whom, where, when ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ଥିଲେ)

Direct	Indirect
The teacher said, “Where did you go yesterday?”	The teacher inquired where I had gone the previous day.
Father said to me, “Why are you so sad?”	Father inquired me why I was so sad.
My friend said, “Whose car is this?”	My friend want to know whose car that was.

Examples:-

Direct: The headmaster said to us, “Who has broken the window?”

Indirect: The headmaster inquired of us who had broken the window.

Direct: He said to me, “Where are you going?”

Indirect: He inquired of me where I was going.

     h)  ପ୍ରଶ୍ନବାଚକ ବାକ୍ୟମାନଙ୍କ ମୂଳରେ verb ଥିଲେ (Reported speech ର ମୂଳରେ verb ଥିଲେ if କିମ୍ୱା whether ଲଗାଇ ବାକ୍ୟ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ କରାଯାଏ)

Direct	Indirect
He said, “Is it raining ?”	He asked if / whether it was raining.
Mili said, “Are you a teacher?”	Mili enquired whether I was a teacher.
A beggar said, “Can you help me?”	A beggar asked me if/whether I could help him.

Examples:-

Direct: The boy said to his teacher, “Am I correct?”

Indirect: The boy wanted to know of his teacher whether he was correct.

Direct: The mother said to the child, “Are you going to school?”

Indirect: The mother asked the child if he was going to school.

Direct: Father said to me, “Will you go to school today?”

Indirect: Father inquired of me whether If I would go to school that day

     i) Exclamatory sentence ସ୍ଥଳେ ନିମ୍ନୋକ୍ତ ଉଦାହରଣ ଗୁଡିକ ହେଲା |

Direct	Indirect
She said, “What a lovely flower!”	She exclaimed that was very lovely flower.
Priest said, “may God help you!”	Priest wished it earnestly that God might help me.
Rabin said, “How foolish I was!”	Rabin confessed with regret that he had been very foolish.

Examples:-

Direct: He said, “Hurrah! My friend has come”.

Indirect: He exclaimed with joy that his friend had come.

Direct: The old man said, “Alas, my boy has failed”.

Indirect: The old man exclaimed with sorrow that his boy had failed.

Direct: He said, “How foolish I was!”

Indirect: He confessed with regret that he had been very foolish.

Direct: The teacher said to the student, “What a fool you are!”

Indirect: The teacher told the student that he was very foolish.

       j) ନମସ୍କାର, ବିଦାୟ ଓ ଶୁଭେଚ୍ଛା ସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ ଥିଲେ |

Direct	Indirect
My friend said to me, “Congratulation”	He congratulated me.
He said to me, “Thank you”	He thanked me.
Teacher said to me, “Good luck to you.’	Teacher wished good luck to me.
She said to me “Good morning!”	She said good morning to me.

    k) Let ବ୍ୟବହାର ସ୍ଥଳେ |

Direct	Indirect
He said to us, “Let us sit and rest.”	He suggested us to sit and rest.
He said, “Lets me work here.”	He proposed to work here.
The boy said to the teacher, “Let me go out, Sir.”	The boy begged his teacher respectfully to let him go out.

Direct: He said to his master, “Let me go home”.

Indirect: He requested (begged) his master to permit him to go home.

Direct: He said, “Let it be so”.

Indirect: He wished that it should be so. Or, He wished it to be so.

Direct: He said, “Let bygones be bygones”.

Indirect: He wished it earnestly that bygones be bygones.

G) ଅନ୍ୟାନ୍ୟ ଉଦାହରଣ:

Direct: The traveller said, “Can you show me the way to puri?”

   “Yes” said the peasant, “I can”.

Indirect: The traveller asked the peasant whether he could show him the way to puri.

The peasant replied (or replied in the affirmative) that he could.

Direct: The peasant asked the traveller, “Will you tonight?” The traveller said, “No, I shall move on”.

Indirect: The peasant asked the traveller weather he was stay there that night. The traveller replied that he would not; he should move on.

Direct:  She said, “God save us!”

Indirect: She prayed that God might save them.

Direct: “Stop your work, young man. “said the master, “How nonsense you are!”

Indirect: The master bade the young man to stop his work and remarked that he was most nonsense.

Direct: He said to the teacher, “Sir, is this sum correct; is it?”

Indirect: He asked his respected teacher (or asked his teacher respectfully) whether his sum was correct and wanted to make sure whether it was so.

Direct: The boy saw his teacher and said, “Good morning Sir.” The teacher said to him , “Thank you ,my boy, How are you?” “I am so so”, replied the boy.

Indirect: The boy saw his teacher and said Good morning to him. The teacher thanked the boy and inquired of him how he was. The boy replied that he was so so.

Direct: He said, “Doctor, I feel sick. Please examine me”.

Indirect: He complained before the doctor that he was sick and requested him to kindly examine him.

Direct: The teacher said, “Boys, let us go on a picnic tomorrow. Who will arrange the bus?”

Indirect: The teacher proposed to the boys to go on a picnic the next day and liked to know who should arrange the bus.

Direct: The master said to his servant, “Go out and don’t come to me again”.

Indirect: The master ordered his servant to go out and not to come to him again.

Direct: The postman said, “Gopal, is this your parcel? Are you sure?

Indirect: The postman asked Gopal if that was his parcel and then wanted to know of him if he was sure of it.