Time 3 ପ୍ରକାର :
1) Present Time, 2) Past Time 3) Future Time
1) Present Time, 2) Past Time 3) Future Time
Present Time
: This time of speaking (now & so on ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ)
Past Time: Time before
speaking (Then & so on ଅତୀତ)
Future Time
: Time after now (ଭବିଷ୍ୟତ)
Tense କାହାକୁ କୁହାଯାଏ?
କୌଣସି verb ବା କ୍ରିୟା କୌଣସି
କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକୁ ଏକ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ସମୟରେ ଏକ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ଅର୍ଥରେ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରିବା ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାକୁ Tense କୁହାଯଏ | କୌଣସି sentence
ର tense ଏହାର verb ଦ୍ୱାରା
ନିର୍ଦ୍ଧାରିତ ହୁଏ |
Tense ≠ କାଳ
Time = କାଳ ବା ସମୟ
ମନେରଖିବେ ଯେ :
Tense ହେଉଛି verb form
Time ହେଉଛି Period of
action
Time ଓ Tense କୁ ବୁଝିବାକୁ ହେଲେ
ଆମକୁ verb ସମଦ୍ଧୀୟ କେତୋଟି ଜିନିଷ ମନେପକାଇବାକୁ ହେବ |
Infinitive
|
Verb-s
|
Verb – ing
|
Past simple
|
Past participle
|
To- infinitive
|
Present Simple
|
Present participle
|
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Go
|
Goes
|
Going
|
Went
|
Gone
|
To go
|
Eat
|
Eats
|
Eating
|
Ate
|
Eaten
|
To eat
|
Play
|
Plays
|
Played
|
Played
|
Played
|
To plat
|
Be
|
Is/am
|
Being
|
Was/were
|
Been
|
To be
|
Have
|
Has
|
had
|
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AUXILIARIES
AUXILIARIES
|
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Primary
|
Secondary
|
|||
Present
|
Past
|
Present
|
Past
|
|
Be-
|
Am, is, are
Be, being
|
Was, were
been
|
Can
|
Could
|
Do-
|
Do, does
|
did
|
Will
|
Would
|
Have-
|
Have, has
|
had
|
Shall
|
Should
|
May
|
Might
|
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Used to
|
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Ought to
|
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Must
|
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Dare
|
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Need
|
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Auxiliary verb ଓ full verb ଗୁଡିକର
ବ୍ୟବହାର ଭଲ ଭାବେ ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ କର | ଏହି table କୁ ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ କଲେ time ଓ tense ର ସମ୍ପର୍କ ଭଲଭାବେ
ଜାଣିହେବ |
Example
|
Tense
|
Time
|
ମୁ ଗୋଟିଏ ବହି
ପଢୁଛି |
I am reading a book.
|
Present
|
Present
|
ମୁଁ ଆସନ୍ତା
କାଲି କଟକ ଯାଉଛି |
I am going to Cuttack tomorrow.
|
Present
|
Future
|
ସେ ଘରେ ପାଠପଢା
କରି ସାରିଛି |
He has finished his homework.
|
Present
|
Past
|
ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ
ଫୁଟବଲ୍ ଖେଳୁଥିଲୁ |
We were playing football.
|
past
|
past
|
ସମସ୍ତ ହୋଇଗଲା
ପିଲାମାନେ ଶୋଇଲେ |
All is perfect, children went to bed.
|
Past
|
present
|
ମୋ ପାଖରେ ଯଦି
ପ୍ରଚୁର ଟଙ୍କା ଥାଆନ୍ତା ମୁଁ ଗୋଟିଏ ଘର କିଣନ୍ତି |
If I had a lot of money, I would buy a house.
|
Past
|
Future
|
ଏହି table ରୁ ଆମେ ଅନୁମାନ
କରି ପାରିବା present tense ମାଧ୍ୟମରେ ୩ଟି ଯାକ
time ଓ past tense ମାଧ୍ୟମରେ ମଧ୍ୟ
୩ଟି ଯାକ time କୁ ଲେଖାଯାଇପାରେ |
Tense of Verbs
ପ୍ରତି tense କୁ 4ଟି aspect ରେ ବିଭକ୍ତ କରାଯଏ
|
ଯଥା :
1) Simple
2) Simple Progressive
3) Perfect
4) Perfect Progressive
PRESENT TENSE
1) Simple Present
2) Present Progressive
3) Present Perfect
4) Present Perfect Progressive
PAST TENSE
1) Simple Past
2) Past Progressive
3) Past Perfect
4) Past Perfect Progressive
FUTURE TIME
1) Simple future
2) Future Progressive
3) Future Perfect
4) Future Perfect Progressive
1) Simple Present
2) Present Progressive
3) Present Perfect
4) Present Perfect Progressive
PAST TENSE
1) Simple Past
2) Past Progressive
3) Past Perfect
4) Past Perfect Progressive
FUTURE TIME
1) Simple future
2) Future Progressive
3) Future Perfect
4) Future Perfect Progressive
PRESENT TENSE
1)
Simple Present
-s form third person
singular (he, she, it, Rama, Jadu, Shyama any name) ପାଖରେ ବସିବ |
Infinitive form third
person singular ବ୍ୟତୀତ ଅନ୍ୟ ସମସ୍ତଙ୍କ ପାଖରେ ବସିପାରିବ |
Uses :
- s form third person singular (he, she, it, Rama, Jadu, Shyama any name) ପାଖରେ ବସିବ |
Infinitive form third person singular ବ୍ୟତୀତ ଅନ୍ୟ ସମସ୍ତଙ୍କ ପାଖରେ ବସିପାରିବ |
Uses :
a) State verbs, sentence ରେ present simpleରେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ |
I believe that recycling is important.
Honesty is the best policy.
He knows that man.
The seed becomes a tree one day.
They feel we should take more time to reconsider.
The bike belongs to me.
We think that’s a great idea.
I’m thinking about what to do this weekend.
Honesty is the best policy.
He knows that man.
The seed becomes a tree one day.
They feel we should take more time to reconsider.
The bike belongs to me.
We think that’s a great idea.
I’m thinking about what to do this weekend.
b) କିଛି ଜିନିଷ ସବୁବେଳେ ସତ୍ୟ ଅଟେ | ଉଦାହରଣ ସ୍ୱରୂପ, ପୃଥିବୀ ସର୍ବଦା ଗୋଲାକାର ଏବଂ ଦୁଇଟି ପ୍ଲସ୍ ଦୁଇଟି ସର୍ବଦା ଚାରି ସହିତ ସମାନ | ଏହି ଅନନ୍ତ ସତ୍ୟଗୁଡିକ ବିଷୟରେ ଆଲୋଚନା କରିବା ପାଇଁ simple present ହୁଏ |
Water flows downward.
Water freezes at zero degrees.
The Earth revolves around the Sun.
Three and three make six.
Water flows downward.
Water freezes at zero degrees.
The Earth revolves around the Sun.
Three and three make six.
Dewfall in the Autumn.
c) ଇଂରାଜୀ ବ୍ୟାକରଣରେ, ଅଭ୍ୟାସଗତ ଉପସ୍ଥାପନା ହେଉଛି Simple Present ରେ ଏକ କ୍ରିୟା ଯାହା ନିୟମିତ କିମ୍ବା ବାରମ୍ବାର ଘଟୁଥିବା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକୁ ସୂଚାଇବା ପାଇଁ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ | ଏହା ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନର ଅଭ୍ୟାସ ଭାବରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଜଣାଶୁଣା |
He drinks tea at breakfast.
We eat rice.
She only eats fish.
They watch television regularly.
Cat drinks milk.
For repeated actions or events.
We catch the bus every morning.
Birds fly.
It rains every afternoon in the hot season.
We eat rice.
She only eats fish.
They watch television regularly.
Cat drinks milk.
For repeated actions or events.
We catch the bus every morning.
Birds fly.
It rains every afternoon in the hot season.
Sachin plays Cricket.
d) ସାଧାରଣତଃ ବିଶେଷଣ ସହିତ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ | Sentenceରେ Adverb ବା Adverb phases ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହେଲେ sentence, Present simple ରେ ରହେ |
I play golf every Monday.
My friend visits me every Sunday.
They often travel to China.
I drink a cup of coffee every morning.
She gets up at 8:00 every day.
My friend visits me every Sunday.
They often travel to China.
I drink a cup of coffee every morning.
She gets up at 8:00 every day.
Rama often goes to the park.
e) ବାକ୍ୟ ଆରମ୍ଭରେ here, there ଆଦି ଲାଗିଥିଲେ simple present ହୁଏ |
There goes your husband.
Here comes the bus.
Here comes the bus.
There goes the bus.
g) Newspaper headlineରେ simple present ହୁଏ |
Rupee follows global slide, hits all-time low against dollar.
Wife murders drunk husband.
Wife murders drunk husband.
h) Conditional sentence ରେ simple present ହୁଏ |
If you agree, I shall go to your house.
i) Time clause ରେ simple present ହୁଏ
As soon as he arrives, his friend comes.
When the bell rings, the children run to the field.
j) Mathematical truth ପ୍ରକାଶ କରୁଥିବା sentence, Present simple ରେ ରହେ |
Two and two make four.
Two comes after one.
Example:-
I eat – ମୁଁ ଖାଏ |
I eat – ମୁଁ ଖାଏ |
·
Do
I eat? - ମୁଁ
ଖାଏ କି ?
·
I
do not eat- ମୁଁ ଖାଏ ନାହିଁ |
·
We
eat –ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖାଉ |
·
Do
we eat? – ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖାଉ କି?
·
We
do not eat – ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖାଉ
ନାହିଁ |
·
You
eat – ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଖାଅ |
·
Do
you eat? – ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଖାଅ କି?
·
You
do not eat – ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଖାଅ ନାହିଁ
|
·
He
eats – ସେ ଖାଏ |
·
Does
he eats? – ସେ ଖାଏ କି?
·
He
does not eat – ସେ ଖାଏ ନାହିଁ |
·
They
eat – ସେମାନେ ଖାଆନ୍ତି |
·
Do
they eat? – ସେମାନେ ଖାଆନ୍ତି
କି?
·
They
do not eat – ସେମାନେ ଖାଆନ୍ତି
ନାହିଁ |
- More Examples
I do not play- ମୁଁ ଖେଳେ ନାହିଁ |
We do not play- ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖେଳୁ ନାହିଁ |
You do not swim-ତୁମ୍ଭେ ପହଁର ନାହିଁ |
He does not swim-ସେ ପହଁର ନାହିଁ |
It does not run-ଏହା ଦଉଡେ ନାହିଁ |
She does not sing-ସେ ଗୀତ ବୋଲେ ନାହିଁ |
Hari does not play-ହରି ଖେଳେ ନାହିଁ |
The cat does not swim-ବିରାଡି ପହଁରେ ନାହିଁ |
The cow does not sleep-ଗାଈ ଶୁଏ ନାହିଁ |
They do not work-ସେମାନେ କାମ କ ରନ୍ତି ନାହିଁ |
The farmers do not work-କୃଷକମାନେ କାମ କରନ୍ତି ନାହିଁ |
The animals do not laugh-ପଷୁମାନେ ହସନ୍ତି ନାହିଁ |
More Examples
Do I play?-ମୁଁ ଖେଳେ ନା କି?
Do we play?-ଆମ୍ଭେମନେ ଖେଳୁ କି?
Do you read?-ତୁମ୍ଭେ ପଢ କି?
Does he sing?-ସେ ଗୀତ ବୋଲେ କି?
Does the teacher teach?-ଶିକ୍ଷକ ପଢାନ୍ତି କି?
Does the bird fly?-ଚଢେଇ ଉଡେ କି?
Do they work?-ସେମାନେ କାମ କରନ୍ତି କି?
Do the student read-ଛାତ୍ରମାନେ ପଢନ୍ତି କି?
Present Progressive
S + am / is / are + V-ing +others
Be verb ର present form am, is ଓ are ଏକୁଟିଆ main verb ରୂପେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ |
Third-person singular subject ପାଖରେ is ବସିବ |
ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ plural ଓ you ପାଖରେ are ବସିବ |
Be (present) ସହ main verb ର –ing form ବସିବ |
Uses :
a)ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ଘଟୁଥିବା ଘଟଣା ପ୍ରକଶ କରିବା ଅର୍ଥରେ present progressive ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ |
I am going to school.
Rama is playing football.
b) ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ସମୟରେ କିନ୍ତୁ ଏହିକ୍ଷଣି ବୁଝାଉନଥିବା ଅର୍ଥରେ present progressive ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ |
I am studying the Multimedia course.
Jadu is reading a biography.
c) ଭବିଷ୍ୟତ ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା ପ୍ରକାଶ କରିବା ଅର୍ଥରେ present progressive ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ |
I am meeting President this morning.
Hari is coming from Mumbai.
d) Always ବାକ୍ୟରେ ବସିଲେ present progressive ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ |
Radha is always dancing.
Shyam is always running to the playground.
e) କାମ ଚାଲୁ ରହିଥିବାର ବୁଝାଇଲେ present progressive ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ |
The boy is always playing.
More Examples
I am eating – ମୁଁ ଖାଉଅଛି |
Am I eating? – ମୁଁ ଖାଉଅଛି କି?
I am not eating – ମୁଁ ଖାଉ ନାହିଁ |
We are eating – ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖାଉଅଛୁ |
Are we eating? – ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖାଉଅଛୁ କି?
We are not eating – ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖାଉନାହୁଁ |
You are eating – ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଖାଉଅଛ |
Are you eating? – ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖାଉଅଛ କି?
You are not eating – ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖାଉ ନାହଁ |
Rama is eating – ରାମ ଖାଉଅଛି |
Is Rama eating? – ରାମ ଖାଉଅଛି କି?
Rama is not eating – ରାମ ଖାଉ ନାହିଁ |
They are playing – ସେମାନେ ଖେଳୁଅଛନ୍ତି |
Are they playing? – ସେମାନେ ଖେଳୁଅଛନ୍ତି କି?
They are not playing – ସେମାନେ ଖେଳୁ ନାହାନ୍ତି |
More Examples:-
The dog is barking-କୁକୁର ଭୁକୁଅଛି |
They are swimming-ସେମନେ ପହଂରୁଛନ୍ତି |
The soldiers are fighting-ସୌନ୍ୟମାନେ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ କରୁଛନ୍ତି |
I am not reading-ମୁଁ ପଢୁ ନାହିଁ |
You are not playing-ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖେଳୁ ନହିଁ |
He is not playing- ସେ ଖେଳୁ ନାହିଁ |
They are not playing-ସେମନେ ଖେଳୁ ନାହାନ୍ତି |
Bikram is not working-ବିକ୍ରମ କାମ କରୁ ନାହିଁ |
The cow is not grazing-ଗାଈଟି ଚରୁ ନାହିଁ |
The students are not writing-ଛାତ୍ରମାନେ ଲେଖୁ ନାହାନ୍ତି |
The boys of our village are not reading-ଆମ ଗାଆଁ ପିଲାମାନେ ପଢୁ ନାହାନ୍ତି |
More Examples:-
Am I singing?-ମୁଁ ଗୀତ ବୋଲୁଅଛି କି?
Are we writing?-ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଲେଖୁଅଛୁ କି?
Are you standing?-ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଠିଆ ହୋଇଛ କି?
Is he sitting?-ସେ ବସୁଛି କି?
Is the sun rising?-ସୂର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଉଦିତ ହେଉଛନ୍ତ କି?
Is it moving?-ଏହା ଗତି କରୁଛି କି?
Ii the river flowing?-ନଦୀ ବହି ଆସୁଅଛିନ୍ତି କି?
Are they coming?-ସେମାନେ ଆସୁଅଛନ୍ତି କି?
Are the boys of class VII quarrelling?-ଅଷ୍ଟମ ଶ୍ରେଣୀର ପିଲାମାନେ କଳି କରୁଛନ୍ତି କି?
More Examples:-
I am a boy- ମୁଁ ଏକ ବାଳକ |
We are boys-ଆମେ ବାଳକ |
You are a child-ତୁମେ ଏକ ଶିଶୁ |
You are children-ତୁମେ ପିଲାମାନେ |
He is a man- ସେ ଜଣେ ପୁରୁଷ |
My name is Radha-ମୋର ନାମ ରାଧା |
His name is Rahit- ତାଙ୍କ ନାମ ରହୀତ୍ |
She is a girl- ସେ ଜଣେ ଝିଅ |
Her name is Madhu-ତା’ର ନାମ ମଧୁ |
Rita is a girl- ରୀତା ଜଣେ ଝିଅ |
This is my hand- ଏହା ମୋର ହାତ |
More Examples:-
I am not a boy-ମୁଁ ପିଲା ନୁହେଁ |
We are not boys-ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ପିଲା ନୁହୁଁ |
You are not a girl-ତୁମ୍ଭେ ବାଳିକା ନୁହଁ |
He is not a child-ସେ ଶିଶୁ ନୁହେଁ |
Gopal is not a student-ଗୋପାଳ ଜଣେ ଛାତ୍ର ନୁହେଁ |
Baleswar is not a city-ବାଲେଶ୍ୱର ଗୋଟିଏ ନଗରୀ ନୁହେଁ |
It is not a pencil-ଏହା ଗୋଟିଏ ପେନସିଲ୍ ନୁହେଁ |
This is not a pen-ଏହା ଗୋଟିଏ କଲମ ନୁହେଁ |
The rose is not a fruit-ଗୋଲାପ ଗୋଟିଏ ଫଳ ନୁହେଁ |
That is not a tree-ତାହା ଗୋଟିଏ ଗଛ ନୁହେଁ |
They are not students-ସେମାନେ ଛାତ୍ର ନୁହନ୍ତି |
These are not books-ଏସବୁ ବହି ନୁହେଁ |
Those are not pens-ତାହାସବୁ କଲମ ନୁହେଁ |
More Examples:-
Am I a boy?-ମୁଁ କଣ ଜଣେ ପିଲା?
Are we boys?-ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ କଣ ପିଲା?
Are you a man?-ତୁମ୍ଭେ କଣ ଜଣେ ମଣିଷ?
Is he a child?-ସେ କଣ ଗୋଟିଏ ଶିଶୁ?
Is Pintu a student?-ପିଣ୍ଟୁ କଣ ଜଣେ ଛାତ୍ର?
Is she a girl?-ସେ କଣ ଜଣେ ବାଳିକା?
Is Gita a nurse?-ଗୀତା କଣ ଜଣେ ନର୍ସ?
Is it a cat?-ଏହା କଣ ଗୋଟିଏ ବିଲେଇ?
Is this a car?-ଏହା କଣ ଗୋଟିଏ କାର?
Are they Gods?-ସେମାନେ କଣ ଦେବତା?
Are these fruits?-ଏହାସବୁ କଣ ଫଳ?
I am eating – ମୁଁ ଖାଉଅଛି |
Am I eating? – ମୁଁ ଖାଉଅଛି କି?
I am not eating – ମୁଁ ଖାଉ ନାହିଁ |
We are eating – ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖାଉଅଛୁ |
Are we eating? – ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖାଉଅଛୁ କି?
We are not eating – ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖାଉନାହୁଁ |
You are eating – ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଖାଉଅଛ |
Are you eating? – ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖାଉଅଛ କି?
You are not eating – ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖାଉ ନାହଁ |
Rama is eating – ରାମ ଖାଉଅଛି |
Is Rama eating? – ରାମ ଖାଉଅଛି କି?
Rama is not eating – ରାମ ଖାଉ ନାହିଁ |
They are playing – ସେମାନେ ଖେଳୁଅଛନ୍ତି |
Are they playing? – ସେମାନେ ଖେଳୁଅଛନ୍ତି କି?
They are not playing – ସେମାନେ ଖେଳୁ ନାହାନ୍ତି |
More Examples:-
The dog is barking-କୁକୁର ଭୁକୁଅଛି |
They are swimming-ସେମନେ ପହଂରୁଛନ୍ତି |
The soldiers are fighting-ସୌନ୍ୟମାନେ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ କରୁଛନ୍ତି |
I am not reading-ମୁଁ ପଢୁ ନାହିଁ |
You are not playing-ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖେଳୁ ନହିଁ |
He is not playing- ସେ ଖେଳୁ ନାହିଁ |
They are not playing-ସେମନେ ଖେଳୁ ନାହାନ୍ତି |
Bikram is not working-ବିକ୍ରମ କାମ କରୁ ନାହିଁ |
The cow is not grazing-ଗାଈଟି ଚରୁ ନାହିଁ |
The students are not writing-ଛାତ୍ରମାନେ ଲେଖୁ ନାହାନ୍ତି |
The boys of our village are not reading-ଆମ ଗାଆଁ ପିଲାମାନେ ପଢୁ ନାହାନ୍ତି |
More Examples:-
Am I singing?-ମୁଁ ଗୀତ ବୋଲୁଅଛି କି?
Are we writing?-ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଲେଖୁଅଛୁ କି?
Are you standing?-ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଠିଆ ହୋଇଛ କି?
Is he sitting?-ସେ ବସୁଛି କି?
Is the sun rising?-ସୂର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଉଦିତ ହେଉଛନ୍ତ କି?
Is it moving?-ଏହା ଗତି କରୁଛି କି?
Ii the river flowing?-ନଦୀ ବହି ଆସୁଅଛିନ୍ତି କି?
Are they coming?-ସେମାନେ ଆସୁଅଛନ୍ତି କି?
Are the boys of class VII quarrelling?-ଅଷ୍ଟମ ଶ୍ରେଣୀର ପିଲାମାନେ କଳି କରୁଛନ୍ତି କି?
More Examples:-
I am a boy- ମୁଁ ଏକ ବାଳକ |
We are boys-ଆମେ ବାଳକ |
You are a child-ତୁମେ ଏକ ଶିଶୁ |
You are children-ତୁମେ ପିଲାମାନେ |
He is a man- ସେ ଜଣେ ପୁରୁଷ |
My name is Radha-ମୋର ନାମ ରାଧା |
His name is Rahit- ତାଙ୍କ ନାମ ରହୀତ୍ |
She is a girl- ସେ ଜଣେ ଝିଅ |
Her name is Madhu-ତା’ର ନାମ ମଧୁ |
Rita is a girl- ରୀତା ଜଣେ ଝିଅ |
This is my hand- ଏହା ମୋର ହାତ |
More Examples:-
I am not a boy-ମୁଁ ପିଲା ନୁହେଁ |
We are not boys-ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ପିଲା ନୁହୁଁ |
You are not a girl-ତୁମ୍ଭେ ବାଳିକା ନୁହଁ |
He is not a child-ସେ ଶିଶୁ ନୁହେଁ |
Gopal is not a student-ଗୋପାଳ ଜଣେ ଛାତ୍ର ନୁହେଁ |
Baleswar is not a city-ବାଲେଶ୍ୱର ଗୋଟିଏ ନଗରୀ ନୁହେଁ |
It is not a pencil-ଏହା ଗୋଟିଏ ପେନସିଲ୍ ନୁହେଁ |
This is not a pen-ଏହା ଗୋଟିଏ କଲମ ନୁହେଁ |
The rose is not a fruit-ଗୋଲାପ ଗୋଟିଏ ଫଳ ନୁହେଁ |
That is not a tree-ତାହା ଗୋଟିଏ ଗଛ ନୁହେଁ |
They are not students-ସେମାନେ ଛାତ୍ର ନୁହନ୍ତି |
These are not books-ଏସବୁ ବହି ନୁହେଁ |
Those are not pens-ତାହାସବୁ କଲମ ନୁହେଁ |
More Examples:-
Am I a boy?-ମୁଁ କଣ ଜଣେ ପିଲା?
Are we boys?-ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ କଣ ପିଲା?
Are you a man?-ତୁମ୍ଭେ କଣ ଜଣେ ମଣିଷ?
Is he a child?-ସେ କଣ ଗୋଟିଏ ଶିଶୁ?
Is Pintu a student?-ପିଣ୍ଟୁ କଣ ଜଣେ ଛାତ୍ର?
Is she a girl?-ସେ କଣ ଜଣେ ବାଳିକା?
Is Gita a nurse?-ଗୀତା କଣ ଜଣେ ନର୍ସ?
Is it a cat?-ଏହା କଣ ଗୋଟିଏ ବିଲେଇ?
Is this a car?-ଏହା କଣ ଗୋଟିଏ କାର?
Are they Gods?-ସେମାନେ କଣ ଦେବତା?
Are these fruits?-ଏହାସବୁ କଣ ଫଳ?
3) Present Perfect
Subject + have / has + V(Past participle form) +
Others
Uses :
Uses :
a) Just ବସିଲେ Present perfect ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ |
· Madhu has just come from Baripada.
· We have just completed meal.
b) Recent action ପ୍ରକାଶ ଅର୍ଥରେ Present perfect ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ |
· We have read the agreement.
· My mother has cooked lunch.
c) Negative sentence ରେ yet ବସିଲେ Present perfect ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ |
· We have not yet completed this work.
· Raghu has not yet finished writing.
d) ନିକଟ ଅତୀତରେ କିଛି ଘଟିଥିଲେ ଓ ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ତାହା ଘଟିବାର ନିଶ୍ଚିତତା ଥିଲେ Present perfect ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ |
· We have seen Konark in the book.
· Supriya has written many poem.
e) ଏକ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଧିଷ୍ଟ ସମୟ ସୁଦ୍ଧା କୌଣସି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ସଂପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ହୋଇଥିବା ବୁଝାଇଲେ Present perfect ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ |
· I have bathed in the morning.
f) Always, ever, never, occasionally, often, since ଆଦି adverb ବସିଲେ Present perfect ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ |
· Have you ever been Puri?
g) ଅଭ୍ୟାସଗତ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ବୁଝାଇଲେ Present perfect ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ |
· She has always been on time for work.
Example-
· I have eaten – ମୁଁ ଖାଇଅଛି |
· Have I eaten? – ମୁଁ ଖାଇଅଛି କି?
· I have not eaten – ମୁଁ ଖାଇ ନାହିଁ |
· We have eaten – ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖାଇଅଛୁ |
· Have we eaten? – ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖାଇଅଛୁ କି?
· We have not eaten – ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖାଇ ନାହୁଁ |
· You have eaten – ତୁମେ ଖାଇଅଛ |
· Have you eaten? – ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖାଇଅଛ କି?
· You have not eaten – ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଖାଇ ନାହଁ |
· Rama has drunken – ରାମ ପିଇ ଅଛି |
· Has Rama drunken? – ରାମ ପିଇଅଛି କି?
· Rama has not drunken – ରାମ ପିଇ ନାହିଁ |
· They have eaten – ସେମାନେ ଖାଇଅଛନ୍ତି |
· Have they eaten? – ସେମାନେ ଖାଇଅଛନ୍ତି କି?
· They have not eaten – ସେମାନେ ଖାଇନାହାନ୍ତି |
More Examples
· I have read-ମୁଁ ପଢିଅଛି |
· We have said-ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ କହିଅଛୁ |
· You have played-ତୁମ୍ଭେ ବା ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖେଳିଅଛ |
· He has done-ସେ କରିଅଛି |
· He has read- ସେ ପଢିଅଛି |
· They have seen-ସେମାନେ ଦେଖିଛନ୍ତି |
· The teacher has taught-ଶିକ୍ଷକ ପଢାଇ ଅଛନ୍ତି |
· The boy has written-ପିମଟି ଲେଖିଅଛି |
· The police have heard it-ପୋଲିସ ଏକଥା ଶୁଣିଛନ୍ତି |
· The government have prepared the report-ସରକାର ରିପୋର୍ଟଟିକୁ ପେସ୍ତୁତ କରିଛନ୍ତି |
More Examples
· I have not read-ମୁଁ ପଢିନାହିଁ |
· We have not known-ଆମ୍ବେମାନେ ପଢି ନାହୁଁ |
· He has not got-ସେ ପାଇନାହିଁ |
· She has not danced-ସେ ନାଚି ନାହିଁ |
· They have not answered-ସେମାନେ ଉତ୍ତର ଦେଇନାହାନ୍ତି |
· The soldier has not fought-ସୌନିକଟି ଯୁଦ୍ଧ କରିନାହିଁ |
· The girl has not bathed-ଆଳିକାଟି ଗାଧେଇ ନାହିଁ |
· The beggars have not eaten-ଭିକ୍ଷୁକମାନେ ଖାଇନାହାନ୍ତି |
More Examples
· Have I begun?-ମୁଁ ଆରମ୍ଭ କରିଛି କି?
· Have we begun?-ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଆରମ୍ଭ କରିଛୁ କି?
· Have you finished?-ତୁମ୍ଭେ ବା ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଶେଷ କରିଛ କରିଛ କି?
· Has he shown?-ସେ ଦେଖାଇଛି କି?
· Has she prayed?-ସେ ପ୍ରାର୍ଥନା କରିଛ କି?
· Has it fallen?-ଏହା ପଢିଯାଇଛି କି?
· Have they built? –ସେମନେ ତୋଳିଛନ୍ତି କି?
More Examples
I have a pencil-ମୋର ଗୋଟିଏ ପେନସିଲ୍ ଅଛି |
We have pencils-ଆମ୍ଭମାନଙ୍କର ପେନସିଲ୍ ଅଛି |
You have an umbrella-ତୁମ୍ଭର ଗୋଟିଏ ଛତା ଅଛି |
You have pens-ତୁମ୍ଭମାନଙ୍କର କଲମ ଅଛି |
He has a beg-ତାହାର ଗୋଟିଏ ବ୍ୟାଗ୍ ଅଛି |
Hari has a car-ହରିର ଗୋଟିଏ କାର୍ ଅଛି |
Gita has a book-ଗୀତାର ଗୋଟିଏ ବହି ଅଛି |
She has a ring-ତାହାର ଗୋଟିଏ ମୁଦି ଅଛି |
The cow has a tail-ଗାଈର ଗୋଟିଏ ଲାଙ୍ଗୁଡ ଅଛି |
She has a cap-ତାହାର ଗୋଟିଏ ଟୋପି ଅଛି |
They have pens-ସେମାନଙ୍କର କଲମ ଅଛି |
These boys have pencils-ଏହି ପିଲାମାନଙ୍କର ପେନସିଲ୍ ଅଛି |
Example-
I have no pen-ମୋର କଲମ ନାହିଁ |
We have no pens-ଆମ୍ଭମାନଙ୍କର କଲମ ନାହିଁ |
You have no book-ତମର ବହି ନାହିଁ |
You have no books-ତମମାନଙ୍କର ବହି ନାହିଁ |
He has no cat-ତାହାର ବିରାଡି ନାହିଁ |
The dog has no horns-କୁକୁରର ଶିଙ୍ଗ ନାହିଁ |
A man has no tail-ମଣିଷର ଲାଙ୍ଗୁଡ ନାହିଁ |
It has no colour-ଏହାର ରଙ୍ଗ ନାହିଁ |
She has no flower-ତାର ଫୁଲ ନାହିଁ |
Seema has no money-ସୀମାର ଟଙ୍କା ନାହିଁ |
They have no children-ସେମାନଙ୍କର ପିଲାପିଲି ନାହାନ୍ତି |
These doctors have no present- ଏହି ଡାକ୍ତରମାନଙ୍କର ରୋଗୀ ନାହାନ୍ତି |
Example-
Have I a book?-ମୋର ଗୋଟିଏ ବହି ଅଛି କି?
Have we pens?-ଆମ୍ଭମାନଙ୍କର କଲମ ଅଛି କି?
Have you a cap?-ତୁମର ଗୋଟିଏ ଟୋପି ଅଛି କି?
Have you watchs?-ତୁମ୍ଭମାନଙ୍କର ଘଣ୍ଟା ଅଛି କି?
Has he a picture?-ତାଙ୍କର ଛବିଟିଏ ଅଛି କି?
Has Raama a beg?-ରାମର ବ୍ୟାଗ୍ ଅଛି କି ?
Has the old man a stick?-ବୁଢାଟିର ବାଡିଟିଏ ଅଛି କି?
Has she a ring?-ତାହାର ମୁଦିଟିଏ ଅଛି କି?
Has Mina a pencil?-ମୀନାର ଗୋଟିଏ ପେନସିଲ୍ ଅଛି କି?
Has it a colour?-ଏହାର ରଙ୍ଗ ଅଛି କି?
Have they eyes?-ସେମାନଙ୍କର ଆଖି ଅଛି କି?
Have the people of our viillage lands?-ଆମ ଗାଁ ଲୋକଙ୍କର ଜମି ଅଛି କି?
4) Present Perfect Progressive
I have a pencil-ମୋର ଗୋଟିଏ ପେନସିଲ୍ ଅଛି |
We have pencils-ଆମ୍ଭମାନଙ୍କର ପେନସିଲ୍ ଅଛି |
You have an umbrella-ତୁମ୍ଭର ଗୋଟିଏ ଛତା ଅଛି |
You have pens-ତୁମ୍ଭମାନଙ୍କର କଲମ ଅଛି |
He has a beg-ତାହାର ଗୋଟିଏ ବ୍ୟାଗ୍ ଅଛି |
Hari has a car-ହରିର ଗୋଟିଏ କାର୍ ଅଛି |
Gita has a book-ଗୀତାର ଗୋଟିଏ ବହି ଅଛି |
She has a ring-ତାହାର ଗୋଟିଏ ମୁଦି ଅଛି |
The cow has a tail-ଗାଈର ଗୋଟିଏ ଲାଙ୍ଗୁଡ ଅଛି |
She has a cap-ତାହାର ଗୋଟିଏ ଟୋପି ଅଛି |
They have pens-ସେମାନଙ୍କର କଲମ ଅଛି |
These boys have pencils-ଏହି ପିଲାମାନଙ୍କର ପେନସିଲ୍ ଅଛି |
Example-
I have no pen-ମୋର କଲମ ନାହିଁ |
We have no pens-ଆମ୍ଭମାନଙ୍କର କଲମ ନାହିଁ |
You have no book-ତମର ବହି ନାହିଁ |
You have no books-ତମମାନଙ୍କର ବହି ନାହିଁ |
He has no cat-ତାହାର ବିରାଡି ନାହିଁ |
The dog has no horns-କୁକୁରର ଶିଙ୍ଗ ନାହିଁ |
A man has no tail-ମଣିଷର ଲାଙ୍ଗୁଡ ନାହିଁ |
It has no colour-ଏହାର ରଙ୍ଗ ନାହିଁ |
She has no flower-ତାର ଫୁଲ ନାହିଁ |
Seema has no money-ସୀମାର ଟଙ୍କା ନାହିଁ |
They have no children-ସେମାନଙ୍କର ପିଲାପିଲି ନାହାନ୍ତି |
These doctors have no present- ଏହି ଡାକ୍ତରମାନଙ୍କର ରୋଗୀ ନାହାନ୍ତି |
Example-
Have I a book?-ମୋର ଗୋଟିଏ ବହି ଅଛି କି?
Have we pens?-ଆମ୍ଭମାନଙ୍କର କଲମ ଅଛି କି?
Have you a cap?-ତୁମର ଗୋଟିଏ ଟୋପି ଅଛି କି?
Have you watchs?-ତୁମ୍ଭମାନଙ୍କର ଘଣ୍ଟା ଅଛି କି?
Has he a picture?-ତାଙ୍କର ଛବିଟିଏ ଅଛି କି?
Has Raama a beg?-ରାମର ବ୍ୟାଗ୍ ଅଛି କି ?
Has the old man a stick?-ବୁଢାଟିର ବାଡିଟିଏ ଅଛି କି?
Has she a ring?-ତାହାର ମୁଦିଟିଏ ଅଛି କି?
Has Mina a pencil?-ମୀନାର ଗୋଟିଏ ପେନସିଲ୍ ଅଛି କି?
Has it a colour?-ଏହାର ରଙ୍ଗ ଅଛି କି?
Have they eyes?-ସେମାନଙ୍କର ଆଖି ଅଛି କି?
Have the people of our viillage lands?-ଆମ ଗାଁ ଲୋକଙ୍କର ଜମି ଅଛି କି?
4) Present Perfect Progressive
Subject + have / has + been + V-ing + Others
Uses :
a)ଅତୀତରୁ ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ
ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ କୋଣସି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରାହୋଇ ଆସୁଥିବାର ବୁଝାଇଲେ present perfect progressive ହେବ |
I have been waiting for the train for an hour.
I have been waiting for the train for an hour.
b) Present perfect ରେ ଥିବା କୌଣସି actionର repetition ବୁଝାଇଲେ ତାହା present perfect progressive ହେବ |
We have been playing here since morning.
We have been playing here since morning.
Example-
·
I
have been writing – ମୁଁ ଲେଖି ଆସୁଅଛି
|
·
Have
I been writing? – ମୁଁ ଲେଖି ଆସୁଅଛି କି?
·
I
have not been writing – ମୁଁ ଲେଖି
ଆସୁନାହିଁ |
·
We
have been eating – ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖାଇ
ଆସୁଅଛୁ |
·
Have
we been eating? – ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖାଇ
ଆସୁଅଛୁ କି ?
·
We
have not been eating – ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖାଇ
ଆସୁନାହୁଁ |
·
You
have been playing – ତୁମେ ଖେଳି
ଆସୁଅଛ |
·
Have
you been eating? – ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଖେଳି
ଆସୁଅଛ କି ?
·
You
have not been eating – ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଖେଳି
ଆସୁ ନାହଁ |
·
Rama
has been drinking – ରାମ ପିଇ
ଆସୁଅଛି |
·
Has
Rama been drinking? – ରାମ ପିଇ
ଆସୁଅଛି କି ?
·
Rama
has not been eating – ରାମ ପିଇ
ଆସୁନାହିଁ |
·
They
have been writing- ସେମାନେ ଲେଖି
ଆସୁଛନ୍ତି |
·
Have
they been writing? – ସେମାନେ ଲେଖି
ଆସୁଛନ୍ତି କି ?
·
They
have not been writing – ସେମାନେ ଲେଖି
ଆସୁନାହାନ୍ତି |
·
I
have been working-ମୁଁ ଏହିପରି ବରାବର
କାମ କରିଆସୁଅଛି |
·
We
have been playing-ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ
ଏହିପରି ବରାବର ଖେଳି ଆସୁଅଛୁ |
·
You
have been reading-ତୁମ୍ଭେ ପଢି
ଆସୁଅଛି |
·
He
has been working-ସେ କାମ କରିଆସୁଅଛି |
·
She
has been singing-ସେ ଗୀତ ଗାଇ ଆସୁଅଛି |
·
The
farmer has been ploughing-କୃଷଅଟି
ହଳ କରିଆସୁଅଛି |
·
The
river has been flowing-ନଦୀଟି ବହି
ଆସୁଅଛି | ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ ଏହିପରି ବରାବର ବହୁଛି |
·
They
have been writing-ସେମାନେ ବରାବର
ଏଭଳି ଲେଖୁଛନ୍ତି ବ ଲେଖି ଆସୁଛନ୍ତି |
More Examples
·
I
have not been writing-ମୁଁ ଲେଖି
ଆସୁନାହିଁ |
·
We
have not been working-ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ କାମ
କରିଆସୁନାହିଁ |
·
You
have not been reading-ତୁମ୍ଭେନ୍ ପଢି
ଆସୁନାହିଁ |
·
He
has not been playing-She has not been singing-ସେ ଖେଳି ଆସୁନାହଁ
·
They
have not been working-ସେମାନେ କାମ କରିଆସୁ ନାହନ୍ତି |
More Examples
·
Have
I been going?-ମିଁ ଯାଇ ଆସୁଅଛି କି?
·
Have
we been going?-ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଯାଇ
ଆସୁଅଛୁ କି?
·
Has
he been reading?-ତୁମ୍ଭେ ପଧି ଆସୁଅଛ
କି?
·
Has
she been writing?-ସେ ଲେଖି ଆସୁଅଛି
କି?
·
Has
the teacher been singing?-ସେ
ଗିତ ଗଇ ଆସୁଅଛନ୍ତି କି?
PAST TENSE
1. Simple Past
Main verb ଗୁଡିକରେ ମୂଳ ରୂପରେ –ed(regular verb) ଓ verb’s 2nd
form(Irregular verb) ଯୋଗ କରାଯାଇ Simple past ଗଠନ
କରାଯାଏ |
Uses:
Uses:
a) ଏକ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଧିଷ୍ଟ ସମୟରେ ଅତୀତରେ କୌଣସି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଶେଷହେବା ବୁଝାଇଲେ simple past ହେବ |
I laughed at jokes.
They slept on the bed.
b) କୌଣସି ସମୟ ବିଷୟରେ ପଚାରିଲେ Simple past ହେବ |
When did you arrive here?
c) ଅତୀତରେ କୌଣସି ଏକ ସମୟକୁ ବୁଝାଇଲେ Simple past ହେବ |
Rama completed the work three days after.
d) ଅତୀତରେ କୌଣସି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ହୋଇଥିବାର କିନ୍ତୁ ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ହେଉନଥିବାର ବୁଝାଇଲେ |
Seema lived in Bhubaneswar for two years.
e) ଅତୀତ ଅଭ୍ୟାସ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରିବା ଅର୍ଥରେ Simple past ହେବ |
I always went to the Cinema.
f) Conditional sentenceରେ Simple past ହେବ |
If I had met her, I would have talked to him.
More Examples
I ate – ମୁଁ ଖାଇଲି |
Did I eat? – ମୁଁ ଖାଇଲି କି ?
I did not eat – ମୁଁ ଖାଇଲି ନାହିଁ |
We ate – ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖାଇଲୁ |
Did we eat? – ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖାଇଲୁ କି ?
We did not eat – ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖାଇଲୁ ନାହିଁ |
You played- ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଖେଳିଲ |
Did you play? – ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଖେଳିଲ କି ?
You did not play – ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଖେଳିଲ ନାହିଁ |
He drunk- ସେ ପିଇଲା |
Did he drink?- ସେ ପିଇଲା କି ?
He did not drink- ସେ ପିଇଲା ନାହିଁ |
They ate- ସେମାନେ ଖାଇଲେ |
Did they eat?- ସେମାନେ ଖାଇଲେ କି ?
They did not eat – ସେମାନେ ଖାଇଲେ ନାହିଁ |
I laughed at jokes.
They slept on the bed.
b) କୌଣସି ସମୟ ବିଷୟରେ ପଚାରିଲେ Simple past ହେବ |
When did you arrive here?
c) ଅତୀତରେ କୌଣସି ଏକ ସମୟକୁ ବୁଝାଇଲେ Simple past ହେବ |
Rama completed the work three days after.
d) ଅତୀତରେ କୌଣସି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ହୋଇଥିବାର କିନ୍ତୁ ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ହେଉନଥିବାର ବୁଝାଇଲେ |
Seema lived in Bhubaneswar for two years.
e) ଅତୀତ ଅଭ୍ୟାସ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରିବା ଅର୍ଥରେ Simple past ହେବ |
I always went to the Cinema.
f) Conditional sentenceରେ Simple past ହେବ |
If I had met her, I would have talked to him.
More Examples
I ate – ମୁଁ ଖାଇଲି |
Did I eat? – ମୁଁ ଖାଇଲି କି ?
I did not eat – ମୁଁ ଖାଇଲି ନାହିଁ |
We ate – ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖାଇଲୁ |
Did we eat? – ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖାଇଲୁ କି ?
We did not eat – ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖାଇଲୁ ନାହିଁ |
You played- ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଖେଳିଲ |
Did you play? – ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଖେଳିଲ କି ?
You did not play – ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଖେଳିଲ ନାହିଁ |
He drunk- ସେ ପିଇଲା |
Did he drink?- ସେ ପିଇଲା କି ?
He did not drink- ସେ ପିଇଲା ନାହିଁ |
They ate- ସେମାନେ ଖାଇଲେ |
Did they eat?- ସେମାନେ ଖାଇଲେ କି ?
They did not eat – ସେମାନେ ଖାଇଲେ ନାହିଁ |
More Examples
I came ମୁଁ ଆସିଲି |
We drank-ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ପିଇଲୁ |
You spoke-ତୁମ୍ଭେ ବା ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ କହିଲ |
He worked-ସେ କମ କଲା |
She wept-ସେ କାନ୍ଦିଲା
The doctor came-ଡାକ୍ତର ଆସିଲା |
The boy laughed-ପିଲାଟି ହସିଲା |
They brought-ସେମାନେ ଆଣିଲେ |
The dogs of the
village barked-ଗାଁ କୁକୁରମାନେ
ଭୁକିଲେ |
More Examples
I did not rest-ମୁଁ ବିଶ୍ରମ ନେଲି ନାହିଁ |
We did not pray-ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ପ୍ରାର୍ଥନା କଲୁ ନାହିଁ |
You did not return-ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଫେରିଲ ନାହିଁ |
You did not sleep-ତୁମ୍ଭେ ବା ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଶୋଇଲ ନାହିଁ |
She did not weep-ସେ କାନ୍ଦିଲା ନାହିଁ |
It did not stop-ଏହା ବନ୍ଦ ହେଲା ନାହିଁ |
The soldier did not
fight-ସୌନିକଟି ଯୁଦ୍ଧ କଲା ନହିଁ |
The fishermen did
not catch fish-ବଧେଇଟି ଘର ତୋଳିଲା
ନହିଁ
More Examples
Did I sit?-ମୁଁ ବସିଲିକି?
Did we stand?-ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଟିଆ ହେଲୁ କି?
Did you speak?-ତୁମ୍ଭେ ବ ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ କହିଲ କି?
Did he arrive?ସେ ପହଞ୍ଚିଲା କି?
Did it work?-ଏହା କାମ କଲା କି?
Did she sing?-ସେ ଗୀତ ଗାଇଲା କି?
Did they know?-ସେମାନେ ଜାଣିଲେ କି?
Did your
grandmother tell you a story?-ତୁମ
ଆଈ ତୁମକୁ ଗୋଟିଏ ଗ ପ କ ହିଲେ କି?
Did the boys read
their lesson?-ପିଲମାନେ ସେମାନଙ୍କ
ପାଠ ପଢିଲେ କି?
Did the teacher ask
you a question?-ଶିକ୍ଷକ ତୁମକୁ
ପ୍ରଶ୍ନତିଏ ପଚାରିଲେ କି?
2. Past Progressive
Subject + was / were +
V-ing + others
Uses :
a) ଅତୀତରେ କୌଣସି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କୌଣସି ସମୟରେ କରାହେଉଥିବାର ବୁଝାଇଲେ Past Progressive ହେବ |
She was eating rice.
The boys were running.
b) କୌଣସି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଅଗ୍ରଗତି କରୁଥିବାର ବୁଝାଇଲେ Past Progressive ହେବ |
The sun was rising.
c) Time clause ବସିଲେ Past Progressive ହେବ |
When he arrived, I was eating.
d)Present progressiveର past equivalent ଭାବେ ଏହା Indirect speechରେ ବସେ |
He said, ‘I am eating rice.’
He said that he was eating rice.
e) Future timeକୁ ସୁଚାଇବା ପାଇଁ Past Progressive ହେବ |
He was marketing for he was leaving that night.
More Examples
I was eating- ମୁଁ ଖାଉଥିଲି
Was I eating? – ମୁଁ ଖାଉଥିଲି କି ?I was not eating- ମୁଁ ଖାଉ ନଥିଲି |
We were playing- ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖେଳୁଥିଲୁ |
Were we playing?- ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖେଳୁଥିଲୁ କି ?
We were not playing – ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖେଳୁ ନଥିଲୁ |
You were writing- ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଲେଖୁଥିଲ |
Were you writing? - ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଲେଖୁଥିଲ କି ?
You were not writing- ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଲେଖୁ ନଥିଲ |
He was running- ସେ ଦୌଡୁଥିଲା |
Was he running? - ସେ ଦୌଡୁଥିଲା କି ?
He was not running- ସେ ଦୌଡୁ ନଥିଲା |
They were reading- ସେମାନେ ପଢୁଥିଲେ |
Were they reading? - ସେମାନେ ପଢୁଥିଲେ କି ?
More Examples
I was rising-ମିଁ ଉଠୁଥିଲି |
We were buying-ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ କିଣୁଥିଲୁ |
You were selling-ତୁମ୍ଭେ ବା ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ ବିକୁଥିଲ |
He was begging-ସେ ମାଗୁଥିଲା |
They were running-ସେମାନେ ଦୌଡୁଥିଲେ |
She was singing-ସେ ଗୀତ ବୋଲୁଥିଲେ |
The students were
listening-ଛାତ୍ରମାନେ ଶୁଣୁଥିଲେ |
The wind was blowing-ପବନ ବ ହୁଥିଲା |
The cows grazing in
the field-ପଢିଆରେ ଗାଈମାନେ
ଚରୁଥିଲେ |
More Examples
I was not
ploughing-ମୁଁ ହଳ କରୁ ନଥିଲି |
We were not sowing-ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ବିହନ ବୁଣୁ ନଥିଲୁ |
He was not
teaching-ସେ ଲେଖୁ ନଥିଲ |
It was not moving-ଏହ ଗତି କରୁ ନଥିଲା |
They were not
repairing-ସେମାନେ ମର୍ରାମତି କରୁ
ନଥିଲେ |
The fire was not
burning-ନିଆଁ ଜଳୁ ନଥିଲା |
The old man was not
walking not walking without a stick-ବୁଢାଟି
ବିନା ବାଡିରେ ଚାଲୁ ନଥିଲା |
More Examples
Was I ploughing?-ମୁଁ ହଳ କରୁଥିଲି କି?
Were we talking?-ଆଭେମାନେ ଗପ କରୁଥିଲୁ କି?
Were you
repairing?-ତୁମ୍ଭେ ବ ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ
ମରାମତି କରୁଥିଲ କି?
Was he fighting?-ସେ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ କରୁଥିଲେ କି?
Was she dancing?-ସେ ନାଚୁଥିଲା କି|
Was they weeping?-ସେମାନେ କାନ୍ଦୁଥିଲା କି?
Was it falling?-ଏହା ପଡୁଥିଲା କି?
Was the king
hunting in the forest?-ରାଜା ବଣରେ
ଶିକାର କରୁଥିଲେ କି?
Was the driver
driving the car?-ଦ୍ରାଇଭର ମଟରଗାଡି
ଚଲାଉଥିଲା କି?
Were the stars
twinkling in the sky?-ତାରାମାନେ
ଅକାଶରେ ଜୁଳୁଜୁଳୁ କରୁଥିଲେ କି?
Were the boys
working carefully in the garden?-ପିଲମାନେ
ଯତ୍ନର ସହିତ ବଗିଚାରେ କାମ କରୁଥିଲେ କି?
More Examples
We were boys-ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ପିଲା ଥିଲୁ |
You were a boy-ତୁମ୍ଭେ ପିଲା ଥିଲ |
He was a farmer-ସେ ଜଣେ କୃଷକ ଥିଲେ |
His name was Divyanshu-ତାଙ୍କର ନାଁ ଥିଲା ଦିବ୍ୟାଂଶୁ |
Rana was a teacher-ରଣ ଜଣେ ଶିକ୍ଷକ ଥିଲେ |
The name of his village was Kelanga-ତାଙ୍କ ଗାଁ ନାଁ କେଳାଙ୍ଗ ଥିଲା |
Mamuni was a nurse-ମାମୁନୀ ଜଣେ ନର୍ସ ଥିଲେ |
It was a book-ଏହା ଗୋଟିଏ ବହି ଥିଲା |
This was a dress-ଏହା ଗୋଟିଏ ପୋଷାକ ଥିଲା |
They were police-ସେମାନେ ପୋଲିସ୍ ଥିଲେ |
Those boys were students-ସେହି ପିଲାମାନେ ଛାତ୍ର ଥିଲେ |
More Examples
I was not a boy-ମୁଁ ପିଲା ନଥିଲି |
We were not boys-ଅମ୍ଭେମାନେ ପିଲା ନଥିଲୁ |
You were not a child-ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଜଣେ ଶିଶୁ ନଥିଲ |
You were not children-ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଶିଶୁ ନଥିଲ |
He was not a lawyer-ସେ ଜଣେ ଓକିଲ ନଥିଲେ |
Rakesh was not a driver-ରାକେଶ ଜଣେ ଡ୍ରାଇଭର ନଥିଲା |
She was not a nurse-ସେ ଜଣେ ନର୍ସ ନଥିଲା |
Gita was not a student-ଗୀତା ଜଣେ ଛାତ୍ରୀ ନଥିଲେ |
It was not a rat-ଏହା ଗୋଟିଏ କଲମ ନଥିଲା |
That was not a river-ତାହା ଗୋଟିଏ ନଦୀ ନଥିଲା |
They were not carpenters-ସେମାନେ ବଢେଇ ନଥିଲେ |
Those were not your books-ସେଗୁଡିକ ତୁମ ବହି ନଥିଲା |
More Examples
Was I a teacher?-ମୁଁ ଜଣେ ଶିକ୍ଷକ ଥିଲି କି?
Were we teachers?-ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଶିକ୍ଷକ ଥିଲୁ କି?
Were you a student?-ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଜଣେ ଛାତ୍ର ଥିଲ କି?
Were you students?-ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଛାତ୍ର ଥିଲ କି?
Was he a leader?-ସେ ଜଣେ ନେତା ଥିଲେ କି?
Were they soldiers?-ସେମାନେ ସୈନିକ ଥିଲେ କି?
Was it your table?-ଏହା ତୁମର ଟେବୁଲ ଥିଲା କି?
3)
Past Perfect
Verb form had + V (past participle)
Before past
|
Past
|
Now
|
10:30p.m
I went to bed.
|
11:00 p.m.
Father arrived
|
|
ମୁଁ ୧୦ଟାରେ ଶୋଇଲି |
I went to bed at 10 p.m.
|
ମୋ ଶୋଇବା ପରେ ବାପା
ଆସିଲେ |
Father arrived after I had gone to bed.
|
ବାପା ଅସିବା ପୂର୍ବରୁ ମୁଁ
ଶୋଇଯାଇଥିଲି |
I had gone to bed before father arrived.
|
ଟ୍ରେନ୍ ୯.୧୫ ରେ ଛାଡିଲା |
The train left at 9.15.
|
ଟ୍ରେନ୍ ଛାଡିବା ପରେ ଆମେ
ପହଞ୍ଚିଲୁ |
We arrived after the train had left.
|
ଆମେ ପହଞ୍ଚିବା ପୂର୍ବରୁ
ଟ୍ରେନ୍ ଛାଡି ଦେଇଥିଲା |
The train had left before we arrived.
|
Uses :
a) କହିବା ଆଗରୁ କୌଣସି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ତାହା past perfect ହେବ |
The train had left the station at 5 o’clock.
We had finished the work at 10 o’clock.
b) କୌଣସି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଆଗରୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୋଇ କହିବା ସମୟ ପଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଚାଲୁ ରହିଥିଲେ past perfect ହେବ |
Nikita had read the story for two hours.
c) କୌଣସି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କହିବା ଆଗରୁ ଶେଷ ହୋଇଯାଇଥିଲେ ତାହା past perfect ହେବ |
Raju had studied Computer course for three years.
d) When ପରେ first action କୁ ଗୁରୁତ୍ୱ ଦିଆଗଲେ ତାହା past perfect ହେବ |
When the cook had finished, father came.
e) As soon as, the moment, immediately ଆଦି ବସିଲେ past perfect ହେବ |
She had immediately come to the home.
f) Till, until, before ଆଦି ପରେ past perfect ହେବ |
Rabin refused to go till he had watched the show.
g) After ପରେ past perfect ବସେ |
After the sun had risen, it rained.
Examples:
I had prayed- ମୁଁ ପ୍ରାର୍ଥନା କରିଥିଇଲି |
We had finished- ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଶେଷ କଅରିଥିଲୁ |
You had taught- ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଶିକ୍ଷା ଦେଇଥିଲ |
He had written- ସେ ଲେଖିଥିଲା |
She had read- ସେ ପଢିଥିଲା ||
It had fallen- ଏହା ପଡିଯାଇଥିଲା |
They had worked- ସେମାନେ କାମ କରିଥିଲେ |
The farmer had ploughed the land- କୃଷକଟି ଜମିକୁ ହଳ କରିଥିଲା |
The horse had run round the field- ଘୋଡାଟି ପଡିଆର ଚାରିପାଖରେ ଦୌଡିଥିଲା |
Example-
I had not begun- ମୁଁ ଆରମ୍ଭ କରି ନଥିଲି |
We had not finished- ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଶେଷ କରି ନଥିଲୁ |
You had not read- ତୁମ୍ଭେ ପଢି ନଥିଲ |
He had not said- ସେ କହି ନଥିଲେ |
She had not made- ସେ ତିଆରି କରି ନଥିଲଏ |
They had not prayed- ସେମାନେ ପ୍ରାର୍ଥନା କରି ନଥିଲେ |
The boys had not written the essay- ପିଲାମାନେ ରଚନା ଲେଖି ନଥିଲେ |
The servant had not swept the floor- ଚାକରଟି ଘର ଓଳାଇ ନଥିଲା |
The doctor had not given me medicine- ଡାକ୍ତର ମୋତେ ଔଷଧ ଦେଇ ନଥିଲେ |
Example-
Had I fallen?- ମୁଁ ପଡି ଯାଇଥିଲି କି?
Had we slept?- ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଶୋଇଥିଲୁ କି?
Had you brough?- ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଆଣିଥିଲ କି?
Had he worked?- ସେ କାମ କରିଥିଲା କି?
Had she asked?- ସେ ପଚାରିଥିଲେ କି?
Had they written?- ସେମାନେ ଲେଖିଥିଲେ କି?
Had the boys met their teacher?- ପିଲାମାନେ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ଶିକ୍ଷକଙ୍କୁ ଭେଟିଥିଲେ କି?
Had the visitors gone to puri?- ଦର୍ଶକ ମାନେ ପିରୀ ଯାଇଥିଲେ କି?
Had the workers got their pay?- ଶ୍ରମିକମାନେ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ଦରମା ପାଇଥିଲେ କି?
Example
Examples:
I had prayed- ମୁଁ ପ୍ରାର୍ଥନା କରିଥିଇଲି |
We had finished- ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଶେଷ କଅରିଥିଲୁ |
You had taught- ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଶିକ୍ଷା ଦେଇଥିଲ |
He had written- ସେ ଲେଖିଥିଲା |
She had read- ସେ ପଢିଥିଲା ||
It had fallen- ଏହା ପଡିଯାଇଥିଲା |
They had worked- ସେମାନେ କାମ କରିଥିଲେ |
The farmer had ploughed the land- କୃଷକଟି ଜମିକୁ ହଳ କରିଥିଲା |
The horse had run round the field- ଘୋଡାଟି ପଡିଆର ଚାରିପାଖରେ ଦୌଡିଥିଲା |
Example-
I had not begun- ମୁଁ ଆରମ୍ଭ କରି ନଥିଲି |
We had not finished- ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଶେଷ କରି ନଥିଲୁ |
You had not read- ତୁମ୍ଭେ ପଢି ନଥିଲ |
He had not said- ସେ କହି ନଥିଲେ |
She had not made- ସେ ତିଆରି କରି ନଥିଲଏ |
They had not prayed- ସେମାନେ ପ୍ରାର୍ଥନା କରି ନଥିଲେ |
The boys had not written the essay- ପିଲାମାନେ ରଚନା ଲେଖି ନଥିଲେ |
The servant had not swept the floor- ଚାକରଟି ଘର ଓଳାଇ ନଥିଲା |
The doctor had not given me medicine- ଡାକ୍ତର ମୋତେ ଔଷଧ ଦେଇ ନଥିଲେ |
Example-
Had I fallen?- ମୁଁ ପଡି ଯାଇଥିଲି କି?
Had we slept?- ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଶୋଇଥିଲୁ କି?
Had you brough?- ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଆଣିଥିଲ କି?
Had he worked?- ସେ କାମ କରିଥିଲା କି?
Had she asked?- ସେ ପଚାରିଥିଲେ କି?
Had they written?- ସେମାନେ ଲେଖିଥିଲେ କି?
Had the boys met their teacher?- ପିଲାମାନେ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ଶିକ୍ଷକଙ୍କୁ ଭେଟିଥିଲେ କି?
Had the visitors gone to puri?- ଦର୍ଶକ ମାନେ ପିରୀ ଯାଇଥିଲେ କି?
Had the workers got their pay?- ଶ୍ରମିକମାନେ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ଦରମା ପାଇଥିଲେ କି?
Example
I had eaten – ମୁଁ ଖାଇଥିଲି |
Had I eaten?- ମୁଁ ଖାଇଥିଲି କି?
We had played- ଅମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖେଳିଥିଲୁ |
Had we played?- ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖେଳିଥିଲୁ କି?
We had not played- ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖେଳି ନଥିଲୁ |
You had drunken- ତୁମ୍ଭେ ପିଇଥିଲ |
Had you drunken?- ତୁମ୍ଭେ ପିଇଥିଲ କି ?
You had not drunken- ତୁମ୍ଭେ ପିଇ ନଥିଲ |
Rama had eaten- ରାମ ଖାଇଥିଲା |
Had Rama eaten?- ରାମ ଖାଇଥିଲା କି ?
Rama had not eaten- ରାମ ଖାଇ ନଥିଲା |
They had read- ସେମାନେ ପଢିଥିଲେ |
Had they read?- ସେମାନେ ପଢିଥିଲେ କି?
They had not read- ସେମାନେ ପଢି ନଥିଲେ |
More Example
I had a pen- ମୋର ଗୋଟିଏ କଲମ ଥିଲା |
We had pencils- ଆମ୍ଭମାନଙ୍କର ପେନସିଲ୍ ଥିଲା |
You had a dog- ତୁମର ଗୋଟିଏ କୁକୁର ଥିଲା |
You had cats- ତୁମ୍ଭମାନଙ୍କର ବିରାଡି ଥିଲା |
He had a mouse- ତାହାର ଗୋଟିଏ ମୂଷା ଥିଲା |
Hari had a book- ହରିର ଗୋଟିଏ ବହି ଥିଲା |
The student had a book- ଛାତ୍ରର ବହିଟିଏ ଥିଲା |
She had a ring- ତାଙ୍କର ଖଣ୍ଡିଏ ମୁଦି ଥିଲା |
The fruit had five seeds- ଫଳଟିର ପାଞ୍ଚଟି ମଞ୍ଜି ଥିଲା |
They had a cat- ସେମାନଙ୍କର ଗୋଟିଏ ବିରାଡି ଥିଲା |
The kings of Odisha had a great power- ଓଡିଶାର ରାଜାମାନଙ୍କର ବହୁତ ଶକ୍ତି ଥିଲା |
The rich man had a beautiful car- ଧନୀ ଲୋକଟିର ଗୋଟାଏ ସୁନ୍ଦର କାର ଥିଲା |
More Example
I had no sister- ମୋର ଭଉଣୀ ନ ଥିଲେ |
We had no enemies- ଆମ୍ଭମାନଙ୍କର ଶତ୍ରୁ ନ ଥିଲେ |
You had no brother- ତୁମ୍ଭର କେହି ଭାଇ ନ ଥିଲେ |
He had no students- ତାଙ୍କର କେହି ଛାତ୍ର ନ ଥିଲେ |
The poor man had no house- ଗରିବ ଲୋକଟିର ଘର ନ ଥିଲା |
The doctor had no present- ଡାକ୍ତରଙ୍କର ଔଷଧ ନ ଥିଲା |
They had no house- ସେମାନଙ୍କର ଘର ନ ଥିଲା |
The people of Orissa had no wants- ଓଡିଶାର ଲୋକମାନଙ୍କର ଅଭାବ ନଥିଲା |
More Example
Had I a pen?- ମୋର ଗୋଟିଏ କଲମ ଥିଲା କି?
Had we pens?- ଆମ୍ଭମାନଙ୍କର କଲମ ଥିଲା କି?
Had you a book?- ତୁମ୍ଭର ଗୋଟିଏ ବହି ଥିଲା କି?
Had he a pencil?- ତାଙ୍କର ଗୋଟିଏ ପେନସିଲ୍ ଥିଲା କି?
Had the man wealth?- ଲୋକଟିର ଧନ ଥିଲା କି?
Had the dog a bone in its mouth?- କୁକୁରର ମୁହଁରେ ହାଡ ଖଣ୍ଡେ ଥିଲା କି ?
Had she money with her?- ସେହି ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ ଲୋକଟିର ପାଖର ଟଙ୍କା ଥିଲା କି?
Had they lands?- ସେମାନଙ୍କର ଜମି ଥିଲା କି?
Had the school no building?- ସ୍କୁଲଟିର କୋଠାଘର ନଥିଲା କି?
4)
Past Perfect Progressive
Subject + had + been + V-ing + others
Uses :
a) କୌଣସି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଦୂର ଅତୀତ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ କରାହୋଇ ଆସୁଥିବାର ବୁଝାଇଲେ Past Perfect Progressive ହେବ |
ସେ ୩ ଘଣ୍ଟା ହେଲା ରୋଷେଇ କରୁଥିଲା- She had been cooking for three hours.
b) ଅତୀତରେ କୌଣସି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ବାରମ୍ୱାର ହୋଇ ଆସୁଥିବାର ବୁଝାଇଲେ Past Perfect Progressive ହେବ |
The girl had been searching to find the pen.
More Examples
I had been reading- ମୁଁ ପଢି ଆସୁଥିଲି |
Had I been reading?- ମୁଁ ପଢି ଆସୁଥିଲି କି?
I had not been reading- ମୁଁ ପଢି ଆସୁ ନଥିଲି |
We had been playing- ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖେଳି ଆସୁଥିଲୁ |
Had we been playing?- ଆମ୍ଭେମନେ ଖେଳି ଆସୁଥିଲୁ କି?
We had not been playing- ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖେଳି ଆସୁ ନଥିଲୁ |
You had been eating- ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଖାଇ ଆସୁଥିଲ |
Had you been eating?- ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଖାଇ ଅସୁଥିଲ କି?
You had not been eating- ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଖାଇ ଆସୁ ନଥିଲ |
Rama had been running- ରାମ ଦୌଡି ଆସୁଥିଲା |
Had Rama been running?- ରାମ ଦୌଡି ଆସୁଥିଲା କି?
Rama had not been running- ରାମ ଦୌଡି ଆସୁ ନଥିଲା |
They had been drinking- ସେମାନେ ପିଇ ଆସୁଥିଲେ |
Had they been drinking?- ସେମାନେ ପିଇ ଆସୁଥିଲେ କି?
They had not been drinking- ସେମାନେ ପିଇ ଆସୁ ନଥିଲେ |
Examples:-
I had been working-ମୁଁ କାମ କରିଆସୁଥିଲି ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ ଏହିପରି ବରାବର କାମ କରୁଥିଲି |
We had been bathing- ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଏହିପରି ବରାବର ଗାଧୋଉଥିଲୁ |
You had been begging- ତୁମ୍ଭେ ବା ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଏହିପରି ବରାବର ମାଗୁଥିଲ |
He had been stealing- ସେ ଏହିଭଳି ବରାବର ଚୋରି କରି ଆସୁଥିଲା |
She had been singing- ସେ ବରାବର ଗୀତ ବୋଲି ଆସୁଥିଲା |
They had been working- ସେମାନେ ବରାବର କାମ କରି ଆସୁଥିଲେ |
Example-
I had not been teaching- ମୁଁ ଏହିପରି ବରାବର ପଢାଇ ଆସୁ ନଥିଲି |
You had not been working- ତୁମ୍ଭେ ବା ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଏହିପରି ବରାବର କାମ କରି ଆସୁ ନଥିଲ |
He had not been worshipping- ସେ ଏହିପରି ବରାବର ପୂଜା କରି ଆସୁ ନଥିଲେ|
She had not been singing- ସେ ଗୀତ ବୋଲି ଆସୁ ନଥିଲା ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ ଏହିଭଳି ବରାବର ଗୀତ ବୋଲୁ ନଥିଲା |
They had not been playing- ସେମାନେ ଖେଳି ଆସୁ ନଥିଲେ |
Example-
Had I been eating- ମୁଁ ଖାଇ ଆସୁଥିଲି କି?ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ ଏହିଭଳି ବରାବର ଖାଉଥିଲି କି?
Had we been selling- ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଏହିପରି ବରାବର ବିକ୍ରି କରି ଆସୁଥିଲୁ କି?
Had you been reading?- ତୁମ୍ଭେ ପଢି ଆସୁଥିଲ କି?
Had he been working?- ସେ କାମ କରି ଆସିଥିଲା କି?
Had she been playing?- ସେ ଖେଳି ଆସୁଥିଲା କି?
Had they been sleeping?- ସେମାନେ ଶୋଇ ଆସୁଥିଲେ କି?
Had the fisherman been catching fish?- କେଉଟଟି ମାଛ ଧରି ଆସୁଥିଲା କି?
Had the soldiers been fighting with swords ?- ସୈନିକମାନେ ବରାବର ଖଣ୍ଡା ଦ୍ୱାରା ଯୁଦ୍ଧ କରୁଥିଲେ କି?
FUTURE TIME
ସେ ୩ ଘଣ୍ଟା ହେଲା ରୋଷେଇ କରୁଥିଲା- She had been cooking for three hours.
b) ଅତୀତରେ କୌଣସି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ବାରମ୍ୱାର ହୋଇ ଆସୁଥିବାର ବୁଝାଇଲେ Past Perfect Progressive ହେବ |
The girl had been searching to find the pen.
I had been reading- ମୁଁ ପଢି ଆସୁଥିଲି |
Had I been reading?- ମୁଁ ପଢି ଆସୁଥିଲି କି?
I had not been reading- ମୁଁ ପଢି ଆସୁ ନଥିଲି |
We had been playing- ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖେଳି ଆସୁଥିଲୁ |
Had we been playing?- ଆମ୍ଭେମନେ ଖେଳି ଆସୁଥିଲୁ କି?
We had not been playing- ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖେଳି ଆସୁ ନଥିଲୁ |
You had been eating- ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଖାଇ ଆସୁଥିଲ |
Had you been eating?- ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଖାଇ ଅସୁଥିଲ କି?
You had not been eating- ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଖାଇ ଆସୁ ନଥିଲ |
Rama had been running- ରାମ ଦୌଡି ଆସୁଥିଲା |
Had Rama been running?- ରାମ ଦୌଡି ଆସୁଥିଲା କି?
Rama had not been running- ରାମ ଦୌଡି ଆସୁ ନଥିଲା |
They had been drinking- ସେମାନେ ପିଇ ଆସୁଥିଲେ |
Had they been drinking?- ସେମାନେ ପିଇ ଆସୁଥିଲେ କି?
They had not been drinking- ସେମାନେ ପିଇ ଆସୁ ନଥିଲେ |
Examples:-
I had been working-ମୁଁ କାମ କରିଆସୁଥିଲି ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ ଏହିପରି ବରାବର କାମ କରୁଥିଲି |
We had been bathing- ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଏହିପରି ବରାବର ଗାଧୋଉଥିଲୁ |
You had been begging- ତୁମ୍ଭେ ବା ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଏହିପରି ବରାବର ମାଗୁଥିଲ |
He had been stealing- ସେ ଏହିଭଳି ବରାବର ଚୋରି କରି ଆସୁଥିଲା |
She had been singing- ସେ ବରାବର ଗୀତ ବୋଲି ଆସୁଥିଲା |
They had been working- ସେମାନେ ବରାବର କାମ କରି ଆସୁଥିଲେ |
Example-
I had not been teaching- ମୁଁ ଏହିପରି ବରାବର ପଢାଇ ଆସୁ ନଥିଲି |
You had not been working- ତୁମ୍ଭେ ବା ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଏହିପରି ବରାବର କାମ କରି ଆସୁ ନଥିଲ |
He had not been worshipping- ସେ ଏହିପରି ବରାବର ପୂଜା କରି ଆସୁ ନଥିଲେ|
She had not been singing- ସେ ଗୀତ ବୋଲି ଆସୁ ନଥିଲା ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ ଏହିଭଳି ବରାବର ଗୀତ ବୋଲୁ ନଥିଲା |
They had not been playing- ସେମାନେ ଖେଳି ଆସୁ ନଥିଲେ |
Example-
Had I been eating- ମୁଁ ଖାଇ ଆସୁଥିଲି କି?ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ ଏହିଭଳି ବରାବର ଖାଉଥିଲି କି?
Had we been selling- ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଏହିପରି ବରାବର ବିକ୍ରି କରି ଆସୁଥିଲୁ କି?
Had you been reading?- ତୁମ୍ଭେ ପଢି ଆସୁଥିଲ କି?
Had he been working?- ସେ କାମ କରି ଆସିଥିଲା କି?
Had she been playing?- ସେ ଖେଳି ଆସୁଥିଲା କି?
Had they been sleeping?- ସେମାନେ ଶୋଇ ଆସୁଥିଲେ କି?
Had the fisherman been catching fish?- କେଉଟଟି ମାଛ ଧରି ଆସୁଥିଲା କି?
Had the soldiers been fighting with swords ?- ସୈନିକମାନେ ବରାବର ଖଣ୍ଡା ଦ୍ୱାରା ଯୁଦ୍ଧ କରୁଥିଲେ କି?
FUTURE TIME
1.Simple future
Subject + shall / will + verb + others
Uses :
a) Present simple ରେ ଥିବା ନିର୍ଦ୍ଧାରିତ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକୁ ବୁଝାଇଲେ ତାହା future time ହେବ |
Our President visits Konark tomorrow.
Rama visits his uncle's house this morning.
b) ତତ୍ କ୍ଷଣାତ୍ ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରୁଥିବା present simple progressiveର sentence future time ହେବ |
Our teacher arriving here by cycle.
We are meeting the Chief Minister tomorrow.
c) ସମ୍ଭାବନା ଅର୍ଥ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରୁଥିଲେ present tense ରେ be + going + to+ infinitive form ଥାଇ future time ହୁଏ |
He is going to complete the novel tonight.
More Example:-
I shall eat- ମୁଁ ଖାଇବି |
Shall I eat?- ମୁଁ ଖାଇବି କି ?
I shall not eat- ମୁଁ ଖାଇବି ନାହିଁ |
We shall play- ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖେଳିବୁ |
Shall we play?- ଅମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖେଳିବୁ କି?
We shall not play- ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖେଳିବୁ ନାହିଁ |
You will read – ତୁମ୍ଭେ ପଢିବ |
Will you read?- ତୁମ୍ଭେ ପଢିବ କି?
You will not read- ତୁମ୍ଭେ ପଢିବ ନାହିଁ |
Rama will drink- ରାମ ପିଇବ |
Will Rama drink?- ରାମ ପିଇବ କି?
Rama will not drink – ରାମ ପିଇବ ନାହିଁ |
They will run- ସେମାନେ ଦୌଡିବେ |
Will they run?- ସେମାନେ ଦୌଡିବେ କି?
They will not run- ସେମାନେ ଦୌଡିବେ ନାହିଁ |
Subject + shall / will + verb + others
Uses :
a) Present simple ରେ ଥିବା ନିର୍ଦ୍ଧାରିତ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକୁ ବୁଝାଇଲେ ତାହା future time ହେବ |
Our President visits Konark tomorrow.
Rama visits his uncle's house this morning.
b) ତତ୍ କ୍ଷଣାତ୍ ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରୁଥିବା present simple progressiveର sentence future time ହେବ |
Our teacher arriving here by cycle.
We are meeting the Chief Minister tomorrow.
c) ସମ୍ଭାବନା ଅର୍ଥ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରୁଥିଲେ present tense ରେ be + going + to+ infinitive form ଥାଇ future time ହୁଏ |
He is going to complete the novel tonight.
More Example:-
I shall eat- ମୁଁ ଖାଇବି |
Shall I eat?- ମୁଁ ଖାଇବି କି ?
I shall not eat- ମୁଁ ଖାଇବି ନାହିଁ |
We shall play- ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖେଳିବୁ |
Shall we play?- ଅମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖେଳିବୁ କି?
We shall not play- ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖେଳିବୁ ନାହିଁ |
You will read – ତୁମ୍ଭେ ପଢିବ |
Will you read?- ତୁମ୍ଭେ ପଢିବ କି?
You will not read- ତୁମ୍ଭେ ପଢିବ ନାହିଁ |
Rama will drink- ରାମ ପିଇବ |
Will Rama drink?- ରାମ ପିଇବ କି?
Rama will not drink – ରାମ ପିଇବ ନାହିଁ |
They will run- ସେମାନେ ଦୌଡିବେ |
Will they run?- ସେମାନେ ଦୌଡିବେ କି?
They will not run- ସେମାନେ ଦୌଡିବେ ନାହିଁ |
2.
Future Progressive
Subject +
shall be / will be + V-ing + others
Uses :
a) ଭବିଷ୍ୟତରେ କୌଣସି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ହେଉଥିବାର ବୁଝାଇଲେ Future Progressive ହେବ |
I shall be going there.
Rama will be playing in the field.
b) ବିନା intention ରେ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତରେ କିଛି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ବୁଝାଇଲେ Future Progressive ହେବ |
The teacher will be helping us tomorrow.
The boys will be appearing on the exam next week.
Example
I shall be eating- ମୁଁ ଖାଉଥିବି |
Shall I be eating?- ମୁଁ ଖାଉଥିବି କି?
I shall not be eating- ମୁଁ ଖାଉ ନଥିବି |
We shall be running- ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଦୌଡୁଥିବୁ |
Shall we be running?- ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଦୌଡୂଥିବୁ କି?
We shall not be running- ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଦୌଡୁ ନଥିବୁ |
You will be playing- ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଖେଳୁଥିବ |
Will you be playing?- ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଖେଳୁଥିବ କି?
You will not be playing- ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଖେଳୁ ନଥିବ |
Rama will be reading- ରାମ ପଢୁଥିବ |
Will Rama be reading?- ରାମ ପଢୁଥିବ କି?
Rama will not be reading- ରାମ ପଢୁ ନଥିବ |
They will be drinking- ସେମାନେ ପିଉଥିବେ |
Will they be drinking?- ସେମାନେ ପିଉଥିବେ କି?
They will not be drinking- ସେମାନେ ପିଉ ନଥିବେ |
More example
I shall be a teacher-ମୁଁ ଜଣେ ଶିକ୍ଷକ ହେବି |
We shall be teachers-ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଶିକ୍ଷକ ହେବୁ |
You will be a sailor-ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଜଣେ ନାବିକ ହେବ |
You will be sailors-ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ ନାବିକ ହେବ |
He will be a writer-ସେ ଜଣେ ଲେଖକ ହେବ |
Rama will be a professor-ରାମ ଜଣେ ଅଧ୍ୟାପକ ହେବ |
Sita will be a singer- ସୀତା ଜଣେ ଗାୟିକା ହେବ |
It will be a school-ଏହା ଗୋଟିଏ ସ୍କୁଲ ହେବ |
They will be workers-ସେମାନେ କର୍ମୀ ହେବେ |
More example
I shall not be a teacher-ମୁଁ ଶିକ୍ଷକ ହେବି ନାହିଁ |
We shall not be teachers-ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଶିକ୍ଷକ ହେବୁ ନାହିଁ |
You will not be an actor- ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଜଣେ ଅଭିନେତା ହେବ ନାହିଁ
You will not be actors-ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଅଭିନେତା ହେବ ନାହିଁ |
He will not be a singer-ସେ ଜଣେ ଗାୟକ ହେବ ନାହିଁ |
Hari will not be a dancer-ହରି ଜଣେ ନର୍ତ୍ତକୀ ହେବ ନାହିଁ |
Sunita will not be a nurse-ସୁନିତା ଜଣେ ନର୍ସ ହେବ ନାହିଁ |
She will not be a teacher-ସେ ଜଣେ ଶିକ୍ଷୟିତ୍ରୀ ହେବ ନାହିଁ |
It will not be a building-ଏହା ଗୋଟିଏ କୋଠାଘର ହେବ ନାହିଁ |
They will not be master-ସେମାନେ ମୁନିବ ହେବେ ନାହିଁ |
More example
Shall I be your servent?-ମୁଁ ତୁମର ଚାକର ହେବ୍ବି କି?
Will you be a docter?-ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଜଣେ ଡାକ୍ତର ହେବ କି?
Will he bee a singer?-ସେ ଜଣେ ଗାୟକ ହେବ କି?
Will it be a good thing?-ଏହା ଏକ ଭଲ ଜିନିଷ ହେବ କି?
Will she be a police?-ସେ ଜଣେ ପୋଲିସ୍ ହେବ କି?
Will they be your friends?-ସେମାନେ ତୁମର ବନ୍ଧୁ ହେବେ କି?
3. Future Perfect
Subject + shall have / will have + V(Past participle) + others
Uses :
a) Time expression ‘by then’, ‘by that time’ ଆଦି ଥିଲେ future perfect ବ୍ୟବହାର ହୁଏ |
They will have completed the work by that time.
The doctor will have come by the 15th of the month.
Example-
I shall have eaten- ମୁଁ ଖାଇଥିବି |
Shall I have eaten?- ମୁଁ ଖାଇଥିବି କି?
I shall not have eaten- ମୁଁ ଖାଇ ନଥିବି |
We shall have drunken- ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ପିଇଥିବୁ |
Shall we have drunken?- ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ପିଇଥିବୁ କି?
We shall not have drunken- ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ପିଇନଥିବୁ |
You will have eaten- ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଖାଇଥିବ |
Will you have eaten?- ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଖାଇଥିବ କି?
You will not have eaten- ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଖାଇ ନଥିବ |
Rama will have played- ରାମ ଖେଳିଥିବ |
Will Rama have played?- ରାମ ଖେଳିଥିବ କି?
Rama will not have played- ରାମ ଖେଳି ନଥିବ |
They will have drunken- ସେମାନେ ପିଇଥିବେ |
Will they have drunken?- ସେମାନେ ପିଇଥିବେ କି?
They will not have drunken- ସେମାନେ ପିଇ ନଥିବେ |
a) ଭବିଷ୍ୟତରେ କୌଣସି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ହେଉଥିବାର ବୁଝାଇଲେ Future Progressive ହେବ |
I shall be going there.
Rama will be playing in the field.
b) ବିନା intention ରେ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତରେ କିଛି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ବୁଝାଇଲେ Future Progressive ହେବ |
The teacher will be helping us tomorrow.
The boys will be appearing on the exam next week.
Example
I shall be eating- ମୁଁ ଖାଉଥିବି |
Shall I be eating?- ମୁଁ ଖାଉଥିବି କି?
I shall not be eating- ମୁଁ ଖାଉ ନଥିବି |
We shall be running- ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଦୌଡୁଥିବୁ |
Shall we be running?- ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଦୌଡୂଥିବୁ କି?
We shall not be running- ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଦୌଡୁ ନଥିବୁ |
You will be playing- ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଖେଳୁଥିବ |
Will you be playing?- ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଖେଳୁଥିବ କି?
You will not be playing- ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଖେଳୁ ନଥିବ |
Rama will be reading- ରାମ ପଢୁଥିବ |
Will Rama be reading?- ରାମ ପଢୁଥିବ କି?
Rama will not be reading- ରାମ ପଢୁ ନଥିବ |
They will be drinking- ସେମାନେ ପିଉଥିବେ |
Will they be drinking?- ସେମାନେ ପିଉଥିବେ କି?
They will not be drinking- ସେମାନେ ପିଉ ନଥିବେ |
More example
I shall be a teacher-ମୁଁ ଜଣେ ଶିକ୍ଷକ ହେବି |
We shall be teachers-ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଶିକ୍ଷକ ହେବୁ |
You will be a sailor-ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଜଣେ ନାବିକ ହେବ |
You will be sailors-ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ ନାବିକ ହେବ |
He will be a writer-ସେ ଜଣେ ଲେଖକ ହେବ |
Rama will be a professor-ରାମ ଜଣେ ଅଧ୍ୟାପକ ହେବ |
Sita will be a singer- ସୀତା ଜଣେ ଗାୟିକା ହେବ |
It will be a school-ଏହା ଗୋଟିଏ ସ୍କୁଲ ହେବ |
They will be workers-ସେମାନେ କର୍ମୀ ହେବେ |
More example
I shall not be a teacher-ମୁଁ ଶିକ୍ଷକ ହେବି ନାହିଁ |
We shall not be teachers-ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଶିକ୍ଷକ ହେବୁ ନାହିଁ |
You will not be an actor- ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଜଣେ ଅଭିନେତା ହେବ ନାହିଁ
You will not be actors-ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଅଭିନେତା ହେବ ନାହିଁ |
He will not be a singer-ସେ ଜଣେ ଗାୟକ ହେବ ନାହିଁ |
Hari will not be a dancer-ହରି ଜଣେ ନର୍ତ୍ତକୀ ହେବ ନାହିଁ |
Sunita will not be a nurse-ସୁନିତା ଜଣେ ନର୍ସ ହେବ ନାହିଁ |
She will not be a teacher-ସେ ଜଣେ ଶିକ୍ଷୟିତ୍ରୀ ହେବ ନାହିଁ |
It will not be a building-ଏହା ଗୋଟିଏ କୋଠାଘର ହେବ ନାହିଁ |
They will not be master-ସେମାନେ ମୁନିବ ହେବେ ନାହିଁ |
More example
Shall I be your servent?-ମୁଁ ତୁମର ଚାକର ହେବ୍ବି କି?
Will you be a docter?-ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଜଣେ ଡାକ୍ତର ହେବ କି?
Will he bee a singer?-ସେ ଜଣେ ଗାୟକ ହେବ କି?
Will it be a good thing?-ଏହା ଏକ ଭଲ ଜିନିଷ ହେବ କି?
Will she be a police?-ସେ ଜଣେ ପୋଲିସ୍ ହେବ କି?
Will they be your friends?-ସେମାନେ ତୁମର ବନ୍ଧୁ ହେବେ କି?
3. Future Perfect
Subject + shall have / will have + V(Past participle) + others
Uses :
a) Time expression ‘by then’, ‘by that time’ ଆଦି ଥିଲେ future perfect ବ୍ୟବହାର ହୁଏ |
They will have completed the work by that time.
The doctor will have come by the 15th of the month.
Example-
I shall have eaten- ମୁଁ ଖାଇଥିବି |
Shall I have eaten?- ମୁଁ ଖାଇଥିବି କି?
I shall not have eaten- ମୁଁ ଖାଇ ନଥିବି |
We shall have drunken- ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ପିଇଥିବୁ |
Shall we have drunken?- ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ପିଇଥିବୁ କି?
We shall not have drunken- ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ପିଇନଥିବୁ |
You will have eaten- ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଖାଇଥିବ |
Will you have eaten?- ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଖାଇଥିବ କି?
You will not have eaten- ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଖାଇ ନଥିବ |
Rama will have played- ରାମ ଖେଳିଥିବ |
Will Rama have played?- ରାମ ଖେଳିଥିବ କି?
Rama will not have played- ରାମ ଖେଳି ନଥିବ |
They will have drunken- ସେମାନେ ପିଇଥିବେ |
Will they have drunken?- ସେମାନେ ପିଇଥିବେ କି?
They will not have drunken- ସେମାନେ ପିଇ ନଥିବେ |
4. Future Perfect Progressive
Subject + shall have been / will have been + V-ing + others
Uses :
a) Time expression ‘by the end of’, ‘by then’ ଆଦି ଥିଲେ Future Perfect Progressive ହେବ |
By then, they will have been cooking.
By the end of the week, the man will have been practicing boating.
Subject + shall have been / will have been + V-ing + others
Uses :
a) Time expression ‘by the end of’, ‘by then’ ଆଦି ଥିଲେ Future Perfect Progressive ହେବ |
By then, they will have been cooking.
By the end of the week, the man will have been practicing boating.