SUBORDINATE CLAUSES
We have learned that sentences can be of three types :
(a) Simple,
(b) Compound
(c) Complex.
(a) Simple Sentence :
Schools begin at 10 am. A sentence which consists of one clause and a finite verb is called a simple sentence.
ଯେଉଁ ବାକ୍ୟରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ମାତ୍ର ସମାପିକା କିୟା ଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ ସରଳ ବାକ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
(b) Compound Sentence:
He is poor, yet he is happy. Sentences in which two or more independent clauses are joined by coordinating conjunctions are called compound sentences. ଏକାଧିକ ସାଧୀନ ବାକ୍ୟ Coordinating conjunction ଦ୍ବାରା ଯୁକ୍ତ ହୋଇ ଗଠିତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ, ତାହାକୁ
ଯୌଗିକ ବାକ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
(c) Complex Sentence :
3. The teacher said (that) the earth moves around the Sun.
(i) The teacher said - Main clause
(ii) (that) the earth moves round the Sun. - Subordinate clause.
• A sentence that consists of a main clause and a subordinate clause/ clauses is called a complex sentence. । ଯେଉଁ ବାକ୍ୟରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ପ୍ରଧାନ ବାକ୍ୟ ଏବଂ ଏକ ବା ଅଧିକ ନିର୍ଭରଶୀଳ ବାକ୍ୟ ଉକ୍ତ ପ୍ରଧାନ ବାକ୍ୟଟିକୁ ଆଶ୍ରୟ କରି ରହିଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ ଜଟିଳ ବାକ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
• A clause is a group of words that form a part of a larger sentence and has a
subject and predicate of its own. Subordinate clauses are of three kinds :
1. Noun clause
2. Relative clause
3. Adverb clause
Subordinate clauses can't stand by itself. They depend on the main clauses for their meaning.
ଆଶ୍ରିତ ବା ନିର୍ଭରଶୀଳ ବାକ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସାଧୀନ. ଭାବରେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ ନାହିଁ । ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକ ନିଜ ନିଜର ଅର୍ଥ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରଧାନ ବାକ୍ୟ (main clause) ଉପରେ ନିର୍ଭର କରନ୍ତି ।
Noun Clauses Study the following sentence:
1. (a) My mother told a story.
(b) My mother told that Dasaratha was the king of Ayodhya,
In sentence 1(a) a story is a noun phrase that functions as an object of the transitive verb told.
In sentence 1(b) that Dasaratha was the king of Ayodhya is used in place of the noun phrase a story.
1(a) ବାକ୍ୟରେ a story noun phraseଟି told ସକର୍ମକ କ୍ରିୟାର କର୍ମ (object) ରୂପେ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରୁଅଛି 1(b) ବାକ୍ୟରେ a story ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତେ that Dasaratha was the king of Ajoddhya ଖଣ୍ଡବାଜ୍ୟଟି ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଇଥିବାରୁ ଏହା ଗୋଟିଏ noun clause | ଏହି noun clause ଟିର ଅନ୍ୟ clauseଗୁଡ଼ିକ ପରି କର୍ତ୍ତା ଓ ସମାପିକା କ୍ରିୟା ରହିଅଛି ।
Function:-
A noun clause like a noun phrase can do the following functions in a sentence.
(i) The subject of a verb.- ଗୋଟିଏ କ୍ରିୟାର କର୍ତ୍ତା
(ii) An object of a transitive verb. -ଗୋଟିଏ ସକର୍ମକ କ୍ରିୟାର କର୍ମ
(iii) A complement of a verb. ଗୋଟିଏ କ୍ରିୟା ପଦର ପରିପୂରକ।
(iv) An object of a preposition. ଗୋଟିଏ କ୍ରିୟା ପଦର ପରିପୂରକ
(v) In apposition to another noun or pronoun,-ଗୋଟିଏ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ବା ସର୍ବନାମ ପଦର ବ୍ୟାଖ୍ୟା
An independent sentence or clause is converted into noun clause by the addition of an introductory word such as: that, whether, who, what etc.
Subject of a verb :
Noun clauses derived from statements are introduced by the conjunction that:
1. That the boy is intelligent is admitted by all.
2. That my brother will come today is certain.
In sentences 1-2 underlined noun clauses underlined are used in subject position with the linking verb is.
Noun clauses made from Yes-No questions are introduced by whether or if.
3. Whether he will help us or not is uncertain.
4. Whether it will rain today is doubtful.
Noun clauses derived from Wh-questions are introduced by who, what, which etc.
5. What he says is true,
6. Who killed the boy is not known yet.
In sentences,3-6 underlined clauses are noun clauses that function as the subjects
of the link verb is.
(ii) Object of a transitive verb:
7. We expect that we will win the match.
8. They complained that the roads were rough.
In sentences 7-8 underlined clauses are noun clauses, object of the transitive verb expect and complained as they answer the question What?
That clauses are possible after a large number of verbs.
t
9. l enquired whether/if the weather will improve.
10. I asked him whether/if he will accompany me,
In sentences 9-10 underlined clauses are noun clauses, the object of the transitive verb enquire and ask.
All the noun clauses in sentence 11 function as the object of the transitive verb know
(iii) Complement after verbs be, seem, appear, look etc.
12. The fact is that he is deaf.
13. His ambition was that he would be an engineer.
14. It seems that he has made a mistake.
15. It appears that they have changed a lot.
In sentences 12-15 underlined clauses are subject complement as they refer to the fact, his ambition, it and the sentences are not complete without them.
16. The question is whether the bank is open. (or not)
17. The problem is whether he can drive a car. (or not)
18. The difficulty was how to control the boys. 19. The question is who will get the first prize.
In sentences, 16 - 19, the noun clauses are the complement of is and were.
(iv) Object of a preposition:
20. Our health depends on what food we eat.
21. There is no importance in what he says.
22. We are ignorant of what happens now.
23. You should pay attention to what your parents advise. .
24. We are worried about whether he came back safe.
In sentences 20-24 underlined noun clauses are objects of the preposition on, in, of, to, about.
(v) In apposition to a Noun or pronoun:
25. The news, that he died, is false.
26. The proposal, that a temple would be built, was accepted.
27. The suspicion, that he stole the watch, was baseless. 28. The allegation, that he kidnapped a boy,is true.
29. The report, that five farmers committed suicide was ignored by the governo
In sentences 25-29, underlined noun clauses are in apposition to Nom na the news, the proposal, the suspicion, the allegation and the report.
ses are in apposition to Noun phrases such Apposition is the addition of a noun or noun phrase to another noun pn as an explanation.
। ପଦର ବ୍ୟାଖ୍ୟା ସରୂପ ଅନ୍ୟ ଏକ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ପଦର ବ୍ୟବହାର (ଯୋଗ)apposition କୁହାଯାଏ ।
ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୁତ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ପଦ ପରେ that clause ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ ।
allegation
belief
fact
hope
promise
announcement
discover
fear
knowledge
suspicion
RELATIVE CLAUSES
Study the following sentences :
1. The girl who is wearing a blue uniform is my sister.
antecedent relative relative clause
pronoun
The clause who is wearing a blue uniform describes or relates the noun phrase the cirl The girl is called antecedent and the clause which qualities it is called, Relative clause. The relative clause begins with a word who and this is called relative pronoun.
2.This is the building which my father built long ago.
3.The school where we study is a pucca building.
4.I know the time when my father returns home.
In sentences 2-4 underlined clauses are relative clauses. They modify / qualify their antecedents building, school and time respectively.
Remember that a relative clause normally comes immediately after its antecedent and the clause is related to its antecedent by a relative pronoun who, which, whom, whose, that or relative adverbs when, where and why.
Relative clause ଗୁଡିକ ସାଧାରଣତଃ ସେମାନଙ୍କର antecedent ଗୁଡିକ ପରେ ପରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ ଏବଂ who, whom, which, that ଆଦି relative pronoun ଏବଂ where, when, why ଆଦି relativଏ adverb ଦ୍ୱାରା antecedent ଗୁଡିକ ସହିତ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧ ରଖିଥାଏ |
Kinds of relatives clauses :
Relatives clauses are of two kinds :
1. Defining (restrictive / identifying) relative clause.
2. Non-defining (non-restrictive / non identifying) relative clause.
Look at the following examples :
1. The man who has long beard is my uncle.
(a) The man is my uncle. Main clause.
(b) who has long beard, Identifiying Relative clause, qualifying the noun phrase the man.It points out or identifies its antecedent the man.
2. A teacher is a person who teaches the students at school.
(a) A teacher is a person. Main clause
(b) who teaches the students at school. Defining relative clause
3. Ranjan, who plays well, is my friend.
(a) Ranjan is my friend. Main clause
(b) who plays well. It is a relative clause. But it does not identify or define Ranjan. It gives extra information about Ranjan. So, this relative clause is called extra-information non-defining or non-identifying relative clause.
Formation
Let's see how a relative clause is formed :
(1) The man is honest. The man often comes here.
(i) First identify the identical (similar) noun phrase in both the sentences to be combined here the man.
(ii) Then replace one of the identical noun phrase (the man) with a suitable relative prono- here who
(The man) who often comes here.
(iii)Put the relative pronoun (who) at the beginning of the relative clause. who often comes here.
(iv)Finally, place the relative clause immediately after its antecedent.
The man who often comes here is honest.
ଉପରି ଲିଖିତ ଉଦାହରଣରେ ସମାନ ଥିବା noun phrase the manକୁ ଚିହ୍ନଟ କରି ଗୋଟିଏ noun phraseଳ ବାଦ୍ ଦିଆଯାଇ ତା ସ୍ଥାନରେ relative pronoun who ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଗଲା । whoକୁ relative clauseର ପ୍ରାରମ୍ଭରେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଗଲା | Relative Clause ଟିକୁ ତାହାର antecedent the man ପାଖକୁ ଅପସାରଣ କରାଗଲା ।
(II) DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE:
who/which/whom/whose
which
1. (a) The book is lost. My brother bought the book
ଦୁଇଟି ସମାନ noun phrase = the book
(b) The book is lost. My brother bought the book.
the bookକୁ ବାଦ୍ ଦିଆଯାଇ ତାହା ସ୍ଥାନରେ relative pronoun which ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଗଲା ।
The book is lost. My brother bought which
(c)The book is lost which my brother bought
Relative pronoun which କୁ relative clause ର ଆଦ୍ୟକୁ ନିଆଗଲା |
(d) The book which my brother bought is lost.
Relative clause-which my brother bought କୁ ତାହାର antecedent the book ପାଖକୁ ଅପସାରଣ କରାଗଲା |
= The book which my brother bought is lost. The book which my brother bought is lost.
2. The bench which we are sitting on has a broken leg.
3. Thave found out the pen which/ that I was looking for.
whom
4.(a) The man is a magician I met the man (him).
(b) The man is a magician I met whom
(c)The man is a magician whom I met
(d) The man whom I met is a magician
(e) The man whom I met is a magician.
We use whom instead of who when it is the object of the verb in the relative clause.
5.The man whom I was talking to is an engineer,
6.Is she a singer whom you told me about ?
whose
7.(a) The boy is my cousin I have borrowed his camera.
(b)The boy is my cousin I have borrowed whose camera.
(c) The boy is my cousin ( whose camera I have borrowed.
(d) The boy is my cousin whose camera I have borrowed.
(e) The boy whose camera I have borrowed is my cousin.
= The boy whose camera I have borrowed is my cousin.
The boy whose camera I have borrowed is my cousin.
8. That is the woman whose age one can't guess.
9. An orphan is a child whose parents are dead.
who
We use who in a relative clause when we are talking about people (not things). We also use who in place of pronouns- he / she / they etc.
10. A player is a person. He plays games.
A player is a person who plays games.
11. An author is a person who writes books.
12. A green grocer is a person who sells fruits and vegetables,
13. An umpire is a person who conducts the cricket match.
14. A lawyer is a person who pleads a case in the court of law.
15. An astronaut is a person who travels in a spacecraft.
16. A meteorologist is a person who forecasts the weather.
17. A doctor is a person who treats the patients.
18. Uneasy lies the head that wears the crown.
In sentences 10-18 underlined clauses are defining relative clauses.
We can form relative clauses with the relative adverbs : where, when and why.
19. This is the place where I was born.
20. School is a place where we learn and play.
21. Sunday is the day when we don't go to school.
22. I can't remember the time when I was in trouble.
23. He could give no reason why he failed in the exam.
24.Tell me the reason why you have come here.
In sentence 19-24 underline clause are restricitive relative clause.
NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
Study the following examples :
1. The man who gets up early enjoys sound health.
In sentence 1 the clause who gets up early is a defining relative clause as it dorin identifies the antecedent the man.
2. Jogesh, who enjoys sound health, gets up early.
In sentence 2 the clause who enjoys sound health does not define or identify the antecedent Jogesh but gives extra information about Jogesh. So, it is a non-definicion information relative clause. It is put between two commas.
1 ନଂ ବାକ୍ୟରେ who gets up early relaative clause ଟି the man (antecedent) କୁ ଚିହ୍ନଟ ବା ସଂଜ୍ଞା ପ୍ରଦାନ କରୁଅଛି |ତେଣୁ ଏହା Difining କିମ୍ବା Identifying relative clause.
2 ନଂ ବାକ୍ୟରେ who enjoys sound health relative clause ଟି ତାହାର antecedent Jogesh କୁ ଚିହ୍ନଟ ବା ସଂଜ୍ଞା ପ୍ରଦାନ କରୁ ନାହିଁ | ଅଧିକନ୍ତୁ ଏହା Jogesh ସମ୍ପର୍କରେ ଅଧିକ ତଥ୍ୟ ଦେଉଅଛି |ଏଣୁ ଏହାnon-defining relative clause.
Let's have some more examples :
3. Bimal, who is my classmate, is smart and diligent.
4. Mother Teresa, who served the poor and disabled, was awarded Nobel Prize.
5. My mother, who is sober and kind, prefers to put on white sarees.
6. Alok, whose father is a teacher, stands first in our class.
In sentences 3-6 underlined clauses are non-defining or extra information clauses.
Sentential Relative Clause:
A relative clause not only refers or relates to a noun phrase but relates to a whole
sentence also.
1. Thirty people died of Brain fever, which spread throughout the district.
In sentence I the relative clause which spread throughout the district refers to the noun phrase (antecedent) Brain fever. It is the Brain fever that spread across the district. It is a non-defining relative clause.
2. Thirty people died of Brain fever, which was really shocking. In sentence 2 the relative clause which was really shocking does not refer to Brain fever but relates to the whole clause Thirty people died of Brain fever. The whole clause 'thirty people died of Brain fever' is the antecedent of which. The relative clause is called sentential relative clause as it modifies the whole sentence. All sentential
relative clauses are non-defining relative clauses.
3. He got unhurt in the bus accident, which is really surprising.
4. Twenty students died of food poisoning, which is really deplorable.
5. She couldn't join the picnic, which is shocking.
In sentences 3-5 underlined clauses are sentential relative clauses.
Relative clause with or without who/that/which (Zero relative)
Look at the following sentence:
1 The man (whom) I met in the fair is a pickpocket.
(= I met the man in the fair -the man is object)
= The man Ø I met in the fair is a pickpocket. (whom is omitted)
2. The eggs (which) I bought yesterday are all rotten.
(= I bought the egg yesterday- the eggs are object)
= The eggs Ø I bought yesterday are all rotten. (which is omitted)
when, who, whom, that, which are objects, we can leave them out.
Relative pronoun who, whom, that, which କର୍ମ ରୂପେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହେଲେ ସେଗୁଡିକ ବାଦ୍ ଦିଆଯାଇପାରିବ | ଏହାକୁ Zero relative clause କୁହାଯାଏ |
But a subject relative pronoun can't be omitted
Relative pronouns ଟି କର୍ତ୍ତାରୂପେ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରୁଥିଲେ ତାହାକୁ ବାଦ୍ ଦିଆଯାଏ ନାହିଁ |
3. The man who was dressed like a policeman was a Maoist.
In sentence 3 who was dressed like a policeman is the relative clause who is the subject of the relative cause and hence it can't be left out.
4. The book which/ that was found missing was in the box.
which/ that can't be omitted as it is the subject of the relative clause.
An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that does the function of an advent Like adverb it can modify a verb, an adjective and an adverb. Study the following examples:
1. I reached the bus stop after the bus had left.
(a) I reached the bus stop-Main clause.
(b) after the bus had left-Subordinate adverb clause.
The adverb clause after the bus had left modifies the verb reached. It is joined to the main clause with the subordinating conjunction after.
2.The boy is more intelligent than we expected.
(a) The boy is more intelligent - Main clause.
(b) than we expected - subordinate adverb clause.
The adverb clause "than we expected" modifies the adjective intelligent.
3. He spoke loudly so that everyone could hear him.
(a) He spoke loudly - Main clause.
(b) so that everyone could hear him -Subordinate adverb clause.
The adverb clause "so that everyone could hear him” modifies the adverb loudly.
Thus adverb clauses modify verbs, adjectives and adverbs in the main clause.
Adverb clause ଗୁଡ଼ିକ କ୍ରିୟାବିଶେଷଣ ପଦର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରିଥାଏ । ଏଣୁ ଏହା ପ୍ରଧାନ କ୍ରିୟା, ବିଶେଷଣ କିମ୍ବା କ୍ରିୟାବିଶେଷଣ ପଦକୁ ବିଶେଷିତ କରିଥାଏ । ଏହି clause ଗୁଡ଼ିକ ପୂର୍ବରୁ subordinating conjunction ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଇ main clause ସହିତ ସମ୍ପର୍କ ସ୍ଥାପନ କରାଯାଏ |Adverb clause ଗୁଡିକ ସମୟ, ସ୍ଥାନ, ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ କାରଣ ଆଦିର ସୂଚନା ଦେଇଥାଏ |
Kind of Adverb Clause:
Adverb clauses are classified as adverb clause of:
1. Time 3. Manner 5. Reason 7. Comparison 9. Degree
2. Place 4. Purpose 6. Result 8. Concession 10. Condition
1. Adverb clauses of Time :
The following subordinating conjunctions are used with the adverb clauses of time:
1.after : The meeting started after the chief guest had arrived.
2. before : The patient had died before the doctor came.
3. as (when) : People stood up as the students started singing National Anthem.
4.since : I haven't seen my friend since he left.
5. till / until : He worked till / until the sun had set.
6.when : He danced with joy when he heard the news of his success.
7.while : I found a ten-rupee note while I was walking along the road.
8. as soon as : The mouse got into the hole as soon as it saw the cat.
9. so / as long as : You can stay in my house as / so long as you desire.
10.by the time : India had achieved freedom by the timeGandhiji died.
11. no sooner...than : No sooner did the thief saw the police, than he ran ran away.
12. scarcely...when : Scarcely had the match started. when it began to rain.
Adverb Clauses of Place :
Adverb clauses of Place are introduced by the following subordinating conjunctions:
13. where : He stood where he was.
14. . : Where there is a will, there is a way.
15. : Keep the photograph where everyone can see.
16. wherever: The dog followed the master wherever he went.
17. : You can go wherever you like.
18. : People welcomed the Baba wherever he went.
3. Adverb clauses of Manner :
Adverb clauses of Manner are introduced by the following subordinating conjunctions:
19. as : Do it as I have showed you.
20. : As you sow, so shall you reap.
21. as if : He spoke as if he knew everything.
22. as though : He rubbed his eyes as though he got up from bed.
23. how : Tell us how he got a first class.
4.Adverb clauses of Purpose :
The Adverb clauses of purpose are introduced by the following subordinating
conjunctions.
24. so that : We keep food in the fridge so that it remains fresh. I am learning
English grammar so that I will be able to write correct English.
25. in order that : The farmer toiled hard in order that he would reap good harvest. We eat in order that we may live.
26. lest : The thief ran away lest he might be caught.
27. in the hope that : A committee was formed in the hope that everything can be done smoothly.
28. in case : Take a torch in case it gets dark.
5. Adverb clauses of Reason or Cause :
Adverb clauses of Reason are introduced by the following subordinating conjunctions.
29. because I couldn't attend my classes because I was ill. Because he was tired,
he couldn't complete his work.
30. as :As the weather is fine, we should enjoy it.
31. since : Since he says so, I must believe it. Since he is my teacher, I must carry out his advice,
32. that : I am glad that you have kept your just because: .Just because I do not complain, they think that I am afraid of them.
6. Adverb clauses of Result or Consequence :
Adverb clauses of result are introduced by the subordinating conjunction that generall preceded by so or such in the main clause.
34. SO...that : He is so weak that he could hardly stand. The thief ran so fast that
police couldn't catch him. He spoke so low that no one could hear him. He is so brave that he is not afraid of anybody.
in so...that : Construction there may be an adjective or adverb after so.
35. such...that : She is such a fat lady that she could hardly walk. He is such a foolish boy that he understands nothing. It was such a boring film that we couldn't enjoy it She is such a loving woman that no one can forget her.
in such...that construction there is a Noun phrase after such.
Where it is possible to convert the noun phrase to an adjective, so...that may be used in place of such...that.
36. He was such a naughty boy that no one liked him. (Noun phrase)
The boy was so naughty that no one liked him. (adjective)
37. She was such an intelligent girl that she could solve the crossword puzzle easily. (Noun phrase)
The girl was so intelligent that she could solve the crossword puzzle easily.(adjective)
7. Adverb clauses of Comparison
Adverb clauses of comparison are introduced by the following subordinate conjunctions:
38. as...as : He walked as fast as he could.
39. so...as : She couldn't write so quickly as you do.
40. less...than : He spends less money than his brother does.
41. er...than : She is younger than she looks. He is stronger than I thought.
42. more...than: He writes more quickly than he speaks.
43. as : Such a man as he can't do any harm.
Note that when the same verb is required in both clauses, we normally use an auxiliary for the second verb.
The blind man walks as slowly as a lame man does. (not walks). The verb of the clause of comparison is often not expressed but only understood : as He is as tall as his father. (is)
8. Adverb clauses of Concession or Supposition
These clauses are introduced by the following subordinating conjunctions:
44. Though : Though he is rich, he is unhappy.
45. Although : Although it rained yesterday, we had been to school.
46. Even if : Even if I have the money, I won't buy a car.
47. Even though : Even though he is poor, he is truthful.
48. no matter what: We shouldn't trust him no matter what he says.
49. however : He can't succeed howeever hard he may try.
50.whether...or : Whether you believe me or not, I am telling you the truth.
Note that :
(I) although / though / even though / even if have same meaning
Although / Though / Even though / Even though / Even if you don't like him, you can still be polite. still be polite.
9. Adverb Clauses of Extent or Degree :
Adverb clauses of Degree are introduced by the following subordinating conjunctinos:
51. As ; As he grew older, he became wiser.
52. As far as: As far as I know, he is a man of words.
53. As...So: As you sow. So shall you reap.
54. to the extent / to the degree that : I will help you to the extent / to the degree that I am capable of.
10.Adverb Clauses of Condition :
Adverb clauses of condition are introduced by the following subordinating conjunctions:
55. If: If it rains, we shall remain in doors. (real condition)
56: If I sold my old bicycle, I would get *1500. (unreal condition)
57. :If we had worked hard, we would have passed the exam.(impossible condition)
58. Unless ; Unless it rains, the crops will fail.
59. provided that ; I shall lend you the money provided that you pay off in ume. 60. on the condition : You can borrow my bicycle on the condition that you take care o that
61. As / So long as : As / So long as he behaves himself; I shan't talk to him.
CONDITIONAL CLAUSES
Adverb clauses of condition are generally introduced by subordinating
conjunction If.
Study the following sentences:
1. If we heat butter, it melts.
2. If you behave well, teachers will like you.
3. If I knew the answer, I would tell you.
4. If he had answered all questions, he would have secured high marks.
We can divide each of the sentences from 1-4 into two parts:
Part-1
Part - 11 If part
Main part If we heat butter,
It melts. If you behave well,
teachers will like you. If I knew the answer,
I would tell you. 1 If he had answered all questions, he would have secured high marks,
Each clause in Part-I begins with If. It is called if clause. It also expresses a condition The condition may be real, possible or unreal or impossible. So it is also called a conditional clause.
ପ୍ରଥମ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭରେ ପ୍ରତେକ ଖଣ୍ଡବାକ୍ୟ If ରେ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୋଇଅଛି | ଏହି clause ଗୁଡିକରେ କିଛି ସର୍ତ୍ତ (Condition) ରହିଅଛି |ଏହି ସର୍ତ୍ତ ଗୁଡିକ ପ୍ରକୃତ, ସମ୍ଭବ ବା ଅବାସ୍ତବ ବା ଅସମ୍ଭବ ହୋଇପାରେ |ଏଣୁ ଏହି clause ଗୁଡିକୁ conditional clause ମଧ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ |
In part II each clause is called the main clause or Principal clause. It shows the result or effect of the condition referring to present or future or past event or fact. The sentence with the If and Main clause is called a conditional sentence. If and the main clause can change their place without any change of meaning.
Butter melts if we heat it.
ଦିତ୍ୱୀୟ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭରେ clause ଗୁଡିକୁ main clause କୁହାଯାଏ |ଏହା ପ୍ରଥମ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭରେ ଥିବା ସର୍ତ୍ତଗୁଡିକର ପରିଣାମ ବା ଫଳ (cause and effect)ର ସୂଚନା ଦେଇଥାଏ |If ଏବଂ main clause ଦ୍ୱାର ଗଠିତ ବାକ୍ୟକୁ conditional sentence କୁହାଯାଏ | ଏହା ସର୍ତ୍ତ ଏବଂ ଫଳାଫଳର ସମ୍ପର୍କ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରିଥାଏ |ଅର୍ଥର ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ କରା ନ ଯାଇ If ଏବଂ Main clause ର ସ୍ଥାନ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ କରାଯାଇପାରିବ |ପ୍ରଥମେ Main clause ଟି ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଗଲେ ତାହାପରେ comma ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ ନାହିଁ | କିନ୍ତୁ If clause ଟି ପ୍ରଥମେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଗଲେ ତାହାପରେ comma ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବାକୁ ହୁଏ |
Kinds of Conditional Clauses :
There are three kinds of the conditional clauses.
1. Open or real conditional clause.
2.Hypothetical or imaginary conditional clause.
3.Unreal or unfulfilled conditional clause.
1. Open or Real Conditional Clauses :
(a) Study the example sentence and mark the verb form in it
4. If we pour oil on water, it floats.
Sentence 4 has two clauses :
The If clause-If we pour oil on water has present simple verb form- pour. The verb form indicates 'pouring action'. It is the cause that happens first. This 'pouring action' is known as the condition. So condition lies in the If clause.
In the main clause it floats, the verb floats is in the present simple form. In this part 'floating' is the action that takes place later. It is the result or effect. So in a conditional sentence, there is cause and effect (condition and result) relationship, one leading to the other as a natural consequence.
Similarly:
5.If we heat an iron rod, it expands.
6. le if we put salt in water, it dissolves.
7. If I make a promise, I keep it.
8. If the students make a mistake, teachers punish them.
9.If we feel ill, we go to see a doctor.
In sentences 5-9, both the If clause and the main clause show present simple tense. Here the situation is real and the event described in the main clause is a real possibility. Both the if clause and the Main clause remain in a balancing state or zero state. So these types of conditional sentences are called zero conditional sentences.
When we want to talk about something that is generally or scientifically true or happens loften, we use simple present in the main clause and if clause. When we talk about a general loccurrence in the past, we use simple past in both the clauses.
If I made (simple past) a promise, I kept it (simple past)
Open କିମ୍ବା zero conditional sentenceର If clauseରେ ସର୍ଭ ରହିଥାଏ ଏବଂ ଏହା ପ୍ରଥମେ ଘଟିଥାଏ | ଏହାର verb formଟି simple present ହୋଇଥାଏ | Main clauseଟି ପରିଣାମ ବା ଫଳାଫଳର ସୂଚନା ଦେଇଥାଏ । ଓ condition ପରେ ପରେ ଘଟିଥାଏ । ଏହାର verb formଟି ମଧ୍ୟ present simple ହୋଇଥାଏ LIf clause ଏବଂ Main dause ସର୍ବଦା ଏକ ଭାରସାମ୍ୟ ବା ସ୍ଥିର ଅବସ୍ଥାରେ ରହିଥାଏ ଓ ଘଟଣା ଘଟିବାର ଯଥେଷ୍ଟ ସମ୍ଭାବନା ରହିଥାଏ । ଏଣୁ ଏହାକୁ open ବା zero conditional କୁହାଯାଏ । ଏହି conditional ବାକ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଚିରନ୍ତନ ବା ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ବା ସାଧାରଣ ସତ୍ୟ ଆଦି ପ୍ରକାଶ କରିଥାଏ । ସେହିପରି ଅତୀତର ଘଟଣା ବିଷୟରେ କହିବାକୁ ହେଲେ ଉଭୟ If ଏବଂ Main clause verb form simple past ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
(b) Type!
Look at the following sentences :
10. If you neglect your studies, you will fail in the exam.
. 11. If he comes, I shall present him a mobile phone.
12. If we go to Puri, we will see the Lord Jagannath.
13. If they work hard, they will achieve success in life.
14. If it rains, we shall get wet.
In sentences 10-14 If clauses have the verb form in the present simple such as neglect, omes, go, work and rains and the verbs in the main clauses contain the modal will / shall ollowed by the main verbs (will fail, shall present, will see, will achieve and shall get). When we are talking about something which may possibly or probably happen in the future, we use Emple present in the lf clauses and will/shall + verb in the main clause.
We don't usually use modals in the conditional clauses.
We sometimes use modals like will / would / should in the if clause and modals or imperatives in the main clauses with the following meanings :
(i) Polite request:
15. If you'll just wait a minute, I'll make a cup of tea for you.
( ii) Willingness:
16. I'll do the cleaning if you will cook food for us.
(iii) Refusal:
17. What will you do if he will refuse to lend you money?
(iv) Cooperation :
18. If you'll help us, we could finish the painting by evening.
Type 1 conditional sentence66 If clauses verb form Present simple | Main clauseରେ verb formଟି modal + main verb ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଏଥିରେ ଥିବା ସର୍ଭଟି ଭବିଷ୍ୟତର ସୂଚନା ଦେଇଥାଏ । ସାଧାରଣ ଅର୍ଥରେ If clause ରେ modals ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ ନାହିଁ । କିନ୍ତୁ ଅନୁରୋଧ ଇଚ୍ଛା, ପ୍ରତ୍ୟାଖ୍ୟାନ ଓ ସହଯୋଗ ଆଦି ବିଶେଷ ଅର୍ଥ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରିବାପାଇଁ If clauseରେ modal ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ |
2. Hypothetical, unreal or imaginary conditional clauses.
Type It
Study the following sentences:
19. If I won the lottery, I would buy a car.
20. You could get a good job if you had a technical degree.
21. If she took regular exercise, she wouldn't get fat.
22. If he passed the written test, he would face viva-voce.
23. If I knew his phone number, I would phone him.
In sentences 19-23, If clauses have verbs in the simple past tense form (won, had. took, passed, knew). The main clauses have (would buy, could get, wouldn't get, would face. would phone) would I could be followed by the base form of the verb.
Look at some imaginary situations:
24. If I were a tiger, I would live in the forest.
25. If I were a batsman, I would hit four's and six'es.
26. If wishes were horses, beggars would ride them.
27. If I had the wings of a dove, I would fly round the world.
We use these conditionals when we are talking about unreal or imaginary events or situations. Here the past tense form of the verb does not indicate past time. It refers to either the present or the future. As the condition expressed by the sentences (19-27) is unreal, it is called unreal condition.
Type Il conditional sentence 66 If clause verb Past Simple form QM I Main Clause verbଟି Past modal ସହିତ ମୂଳକ୍ରିୟା (base form of the verb) ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ । ଏହି conditional ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ବା ଭବିଷ୍ୟତର ଅବାସ୍ତବ ବା କାଳ୍ପନିକ ଘଟଣା ବା ଅବସ୍ଥାର ସୂଚନା ଦେଇଥାଏ ।
3. Unreal or Unfulfilled Conditional clauses:
Type III
Study the following sentences:
28. If I had known his address. I would have written to him.
29. If we had taken his advice, we would have won the match,
30. If they had arrived in time, they would have witnessed the magic show.
31. If I had seen him, I would have invited him.
32. If you had locked your bicycle, it wouldn't have got stolen.
In sentences 28-32, the If clause had taken, had arrived, had seen and had the modal followed by the perfect aspect of won, would have witnessed, would have invited and we
We use this conditional to talk about in the past but which didn't actually happen in the past. This condition it was not fulfilled in the past." unfulfilled or impossible condition in the past.
Conditional Clauses.
Conditional Clausues 4 types
(i)The first Conditional Clauses.
(ii)The second Conditional Clauses.
(iii)The Third Conditional Clauses.
(iv)The Zero conditional Clauses.
(i) The First Conditional
(a) If he labours hard he will pass.
( Conditional present main will+ verb )
(b) If he runs, he may fetch the train.
( conditional present main possibility)
(c) If you want to do well you must labour.
( conditional present main clause 'must+verb' )
(d) IF you have finished, you wll go out.
( Conditional presentperfect main will + verb )
(ii) The second conditional
(a) If you went you would meet him there .
( Conditional past simple, main word+ verb )
(b) If you had gone you would have meet him .
( conditional past perfect, main would have+ verb)
(c) If I had the wings of a dove , I would fly away.
( conditional past simple main would+ verb)
( It is quite imaginary.)
(iii) The third Conditional
(a) Could/ might instead of would.
If you had searched you could find out.
(b) Progresssive +perfect
If they had been swimming they would have own.
(c) 'Had' at the beginning meaning 'if'
Had he told so, he would have rewarded.
.( iv) Zero conditional
(a) If you came I shall go .
(b) If he was given a chance ,he would have won.
(c) unless he gets up in time, he cannt finish the work in time.
(d) You should live in villege,whether you ,like it or not.
(e) If you comes , he will bring the books.
(f) If only he behaved well he would win fame.