SPELLING
The spelling of words is very important and essential in written English. Learners wally make spelling errors because English words are not phonetic unlike Odia words. other words, spelling doesnt conform with the pronunciation and pronunciation doesntagree with the spelling. Words like lieutenant (ଲେଫଟିନଣ୍ଟ୍), bouquet (ବୁକେଇ), suggestion (ସଜେଶ୍ଚନ୍ ), Wednesday (ୱେଞ୍ଜଡି), Subtle (ସାଟଲ୍) can't be pronounced as they are written. This happens so because there are only 26 letters in the English Alphabet. (Odia 54 letters). Moreover, in English the same letter is used for different sounds and different letters are used to produce similar sounds. With these difficulties, a learner has to make conscious effort to fight against the spelling errors. As there are no hard and fast rules to master spelling, an attempt is made in this chapter to help the learners with some basic rules of spelling.
ଇଂରାଜୀ ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଠିକ ବନାନ ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଦରକାରୀ ଓ ଗୁରୁତ୍ୱପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ। ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଶବ୍ଦ ଭଳି ଇଂରାଜୀରେ ବନାନ ଓ ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ସାମଞ୍ଜସ୍ୟ ନ ଥିବାରୁ ବନାନ ଶିକ୍ଷା କରିବା କଷ୍ଟ ଓ ସମୟସାପେକ୍ଷ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଇଂରାଜୀ ବର୍ଣମାଳାରେ କେବଳ ୨୬ଟି ଅକ୍ଷର (ଓଡ଼ିଆରେ ୫୪ଟି ଅକ୍ଷର) ଥିବାରୁ ଏହି ସମସ୍ୟା ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୋଇଥାଏ ଅଧିକନ୍ତୁ । ଇଂରାଜୀରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ବର୍ତ୍ତେ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଧ୍ୱନି ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରିଥାଏ ଏବଂ ଗୋଟିଏ ଧ୍ୱନି ସକାଶେ ଭିନ୍ନ ଭିନ୍ନ ବର୍ଣ ଆବଶ୍ୟକ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଏଣୁ ଏହି ଗୋଲକଧନ୍ଦାରୁ ମୁକ୍ତି ପାଇବାପାଇଁ ଏକ ଉତ୍ତମ ଅଭିଧାନ (Oxford Learner's Dictionary of Current English by A.S. Hornby କିମ୍ବା English Pronouncing Dictionary by Daniel Jones) ସାହାଯ୍ୟରେ କଠିନ ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ବାରମ୍ବାର ପଠନ ଓ ଲିଖନ ଅଭ୍ୟାସ କରି ଆୟତ୍ତ କରିବାକୁ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଶିକ୍ଷାର୍ଥୀ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ବଡ଼ ଶବ୍ଦର ଏକକ ଧ୍ୱନି(syllable)କୁ ଯତ୍ନର ସହିତ ଠିକ୍ ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣ କରି ଲେଖିଲେ ବନାନ୍ ଭୁଲ୍ ଦୂର ହୋଇପାରିବ । ବନାନ ଶିକ୍ଷା କରିବା ପାଇଁ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ଧରାବନ୍ଧା ନିୟମ ନ ଥିବାରୁ କେତେକ ମୌଳିକ ନିୟମ ନିମ୍ନରେ ଆଲୋଚନା କରାଗଲା ।
There are 26 letters in the English Alphabets.
Vowels are: a e i o u (5)
Consonants are : b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s tv w x y z (21)
Suffix: A suffix is a group of letters that is added to the end of words :
honour + able = honourable (-able is a suffix)
Syllable : A syllable is one of the units of sound into which a word can be divided. consisting of a vowel sound with a consonant before or after it. Class (one syllable); class room (two syllables); con-struc-tion (three syllables), math-em-at-ics (four syllables)
ଏକ ସମୟରେ ଏକକ ଭାବରେ ଉଚ୍ଚାରିତ ଧ୍ୱନିକୁ ପଦଂଶ ବା ଶବ୍ଦୀଶ (syllable) କୁହାଯାଏ । ଏହା ଗୋଟିଏ ପରବଣ୍ଠିର ଧୂନି ଏବଂ ଏହା ପୂର୍ବରୁ ବା ପରେ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନବର୍ଣ୍ଣିକୁ ନେଇ ଗଠିତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
Stress : It is the extra force or loudness used in speaking a particular word or syllable.
ଶବ୍ଦ ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣରେ କୌଣସି କୌଣସି ଧନି ଉପରେ ଦିଆଯାଉଥିବା ଚାପ ବା ବଳାଘାତକୁ stress କୁହାଯାଏ ।
In the word admit the stress falls on the second syllable ('mit); 'gal-lop-the stress falls on the first syllable.
RULE-1
Doubling of Last Consonant
Many English words change their spelling before a suffix beginning with a vowel.-ing, ed, -er, est. i.
(a) If a word ends in one consonant following one vowel, the consonant at the end is doubled when -ing, -ed, -er and est is added.
ଶବ୍ଦଟି ଗୋଟୁଏ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣରେ ଶେଷ ହୋଇ ତା ପୂର୍ବରୁ ଗୋଟିଏ ସ୍ୱରବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଥିଲେ-ing,-ed,-er, -est ଯୋଗ କରାଗଲେ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣଟି double ହୁଏ |
run + ing = running
beg + ed = begged
big + er = bigger
big + est = biggest
plan + ing = planning
clap + ed = clapped
fat + er = fatter
fat + est = fattest
stop + ing = stopping
drop + ed = dropped
hot + er = hotter
hot + est = hottest
(b) We don't double the last consonant if the word ends in two consonants :
ଶେଷ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ପୂର୍ବରୁ ଦୁଇଟି ସରବର୍ଷ ଥିଲେ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣଟି double ହୁଏ ନାହିଁ ।
ଶବ୍ଦଟି ଦୁଇଟି ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣରେ ଶେଷ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ଶେଷ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନବର୍ଣ୍ଣଟି double ହୁଏ ନାହିଁ ।
help + ing = helping
help + ed = helped
small - smaller - smallest
call + ing = calling
call + ed = called
long - longer - longest
push + ing = pushing
push + ed = pushed
quick - quicker - quickest
(c) We don't double the last consonant if there are two vowels before it :
ଶେଷ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ପୂର୍ବରୁ ୨ଟି vowel ଥିଲେ ଶେଷ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣଟି double ହୁଏ ନାହିଁ |
boil→ boiling→ boiled
cheap→ cheaper→ cheapest
cook→ cooking→ cooked
loud→ louder →loudest
peel→peeling→ peeled
weak→ weaker→ weakest
(d) If the word has more than one syllable, we double the consonant at the end,when the last syllable is stressed :
ଏକାଧିକ ଧ୍ୱନି ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡିକରେ ଶେଷ ଧ୍ୱନିରେ ଚାପ(stress) ଦିଆଗଲେ ଶେଷ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣଟି double ହୁଏ |
ad'mit→ admitting → admitted
perlmit→ permitting → permitted
belgin→ beginning → beginner
re-imit → remitting → remitted
com'mit → committing → committed
sub-m'it → submitting → submitted
If the last syllable (last part of the word) is not stressed, we don't double the consonant:
ଶେଷ ଧ୍ୱନିରେ ଚାପ (stress) ଦିଆ ନ ଗଲେ ଶେଷ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ନର୍ଣ୍ଣଟି double ହୁଏ ନାହିଁ |
'ex-hibit → exhibiting → exhibited
'pro-hibit → prohibiting → prohibited
'hap-pen → happening → happened
visit → visiting → visited
(e)The last consonant of the following words is doubled :
ନିମ୍ନୋକ୍ତ କେତେକ ଶବ୍ଦର ଶେଷ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ବର୍ଣଟି ସାଧାରଣତଃ double ହୁଏ ନାହିଁ ।
kid-nap → kidnapped
han-di-cap → handicapped
worship → worshipped
(f)In British English, tinal I is doubled even if the syllable is not stressed.: ବ୍ରିଟିଶ୍ ଇଂରାଜୀରେ ଯଦି ପଦ୍ୟଂଶ ଉପରେ stress (ଗର) ଦିଆ ନଯାଏ, ତେବେ ଶେଷ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ double ହୁଏ ।
can-cel →cancelled
dis-pel →dispelled
rebel- →rebelled
com-pel →compelled
quarrel → quarrelled
travel → travelled
RULE - 2
Last Vowel (e)
(ii) (a) If a word ends in e, we leave out e when a suffixing is added beginning win vowel: -ing, -able, -ous
କୌଣସି ଶବ୍ଦ e ରେ ଶେଶ ହୋଇ ତାସହିତ -ing, -able. -ous ଯୋଗ କରାଗଲେ i କୁ ବାଦ ଦିଆଯାଏ |
ing
ache+ing = aching
care+ing = caring
guide + ing = guiding
move + ing = moving
advise+ing=advising
come +ing=coming
hate + ing = hating
pile + ing = piling
blame + ing=blaming
fire + ing = firing
ignore + ing = ignoring
race + ing = racing
-able
admire + able = admirable
excuse + able = excusable
note + able = notable
cure + able = curable
grade + able = gradable
use + able = usable
debate + able = debatable
love + able = lovable
value + able = valuable
-Ous
desire + ous = desirous
grieve + ous = grievous
fame + ous = famous
virtue + ous = virtuous
(b) Words ending in ee don't drop e before a suffix:
ଶବ୍ଦଟି ଦୁଇଟି eeରେ ଶେଷ ହୋଇଥିଲେ -ing ଯୋଗ କରାଗଲେ e କୁ ବାଦ୍ ଦିଆଯାଏ ନାହିଁ ।
agree + ing = agreeing,
free + ing = freeing,
flee + ing = fleeing,
see + ing = seeing
(c) Last e is not dropped before a suffix beginning with a consonant: -ful, -ly, -ment, less
ଶବ୍ଦଟି eରେ ଶେଷ ହୋଇ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ବରେ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୋଇଥିବା suffix (ful, ly, less, ment) ସହିତ ଯୁକ୍ତ ହେଲେ କୁ ବାଦ୍ ଦିଆଯାଏ ନାହିଁ ।
-ful
care + ful = careful,
hope + ful = hopeful,
use + ful = useful
-ly
home + ly = homely,
love + ly = lovely,
nice + ly = nicely,
time + ly = timely
-less
home + less = homeless
base + less = baseless
cease + less = ceaseless
care + less = careless
hope + less = hopeless
sense + less = senseless
-ment
arrange + ment = arrangement,
excite + ment = excitement,
manage + ment = management
improve + ment = improvement
exception ( ବ୍ୟତିକ୍ରମ)
true + ly = truly,
free + ly = freely,
argue + ment = argument
(d) If a verb ends in ie, that le that changes to y before the ending -ing:
କ୍ରିୟାପଦଟି ie ରେ ଶେଷ ହୋଇ-ing ଯୋଗ କରାଗଲେ ie, y କୁ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ହୁଏ |
die + ing = dying,
lie + ing = lying,
tie + ing = tying
(e) Words ending in ce and ge :
Words ending in ce/ge retains e before a suffix -able
ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକ ce କିମ୍ବା ge ରେ ଶେଷ ହୋଇ -able ଯୁକ୍ତ ହେଲେ e ବାଦ୍ ହୁଏ ନାହିଁ ।
replace + able = replaceable
change + able = changeable
service + able = serviceable
manage + able = manageable
trace + able = traceable
marriage + able = marriageable
"Words ending in ce, e is changed to i before the suffix -ous
ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକ ceରେ ଶେଷ ହୋଇ -ous ଯୁକ୍ତ ହେଲେ e, i କୁ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ହୁଏ ।
grace + ous = gracious, space + ous = spacious
Words ending in ge retains e before the suffix -ous
ଶବ୍ଦଟି ge ରେ ଶେଷ ହୋଇ -ous ଯୁକ୍ତ ହେଲେ e ବାଦ୍ ଦିଆଯାଏ ନାହିଁ ।
advantage + ous = advantageous courage + ous = courageous
RULE-3
(iii)(a) Words ending in y following a consonant, y is changed to i before any suffix excepting -ing :
ଶବ୍ଦଟି yରେ ଶେଷ ହୋଇ ତା’ ପୂର୍ବରୁ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଥିଲେ -ing ବ୍ୟତୀତ ଯେକୌଣସି suffix ଯୋଗ କଲେ y,i କୁ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ହୁଏ ।
cry + ed = cried
easy + ly = easily
glory + ous = glorious
merry + ment = merriment
beauty + ful = beautiful
secretary +ial = secretarial
marry + age = marriage
easy + est = easiest
terrify + ic = terrific
history +ical = historical
happy +ness = happiness
weary+ some = wearisome
(b) Finale doesn't change before -ing :
ଶବ୍ଦଟି y ରେ ଶେଷ ହୋଇ -ing ଯୋଗ କରାଗଲେ ଅପରିବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ରହେ ।
buy + ing = buying
copy + ing = copying
say + ing = saying
carry + ing = carrying
fry+ ing = frying
try + ing = trying
fly + ing = flying
marry + ing = marrying
vary + ing = varying
dry + ing = drying
pray + ing = praying
worry + ing = worrying
(c) Words ending in y following a vowel do not change before a suffix :
ଶବ୍ଦଟି y ରେ ଶେଷ ହୋଇ ତା’ ପୂର୍ବରୁ ସରବର୍ତ୍ତି ରହିଥିଲେ suffix ଯୋଗ କରାଗଲେ y ର ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ହୁଏନାହିଁ ।
annoy + ed = annoyed
spray + ed = sprayed
enjoy + ment = enjoyment
betray + ed = betrayed
pray + ed = prayed
joy + ous = joyous
exception ବ୍ୟତିକ୍ରମ
day + ly= daily,
merry merrily,
happy → happily,
busy → busily
RULE - 4
(iv)(a) When full is added to words, the second l is dropped :
ଅନ୍ୟ ଶବ୍ଦ ସହିତ full ଯୋଗ କରାଗଲେ ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟ । ଟି ବାଦ ଦିଆଯାଏ ।
faith+full = faithful,
harm +full = harmful,
hope + full = hopeful
mindful, truthful, useful, careful, painful, successful etc.
(b) If a word to which full is added ends in II, the second I is left out:
ଶବ୍ଦଟି ଦଇଟି । (ll)ରେ ଶେଷ ହୋଇ ତାହା ସହିତ full ଯୋଗ କରାଗଲେ ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟ lଟି ବାଦ୍ ଦିଆଯାଏ |
full + fill = fulfil,
skill + full = skilful,
will +full = wilful
RULE -5
(v)(a) Words of one syllable with two vowels end in K
ଏକକ ଧ୍ୱନିବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ଦୁଇଟି ସରବ ଥିଲେ ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ k ଶେଷ ହୁଏ ।
beak cloak hook meek reek seek teak
book cook leak nook rook soak weak
cheek freak look peak shook speak week
(b) Words of one syllable with one vowel end in ck
ଏକକ ନିବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ସରବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଥିଲେ ck ରେ ଶେଷ ହୁଏ ।
back click flock lock pock sick thick
black clock frock luck prick smack tick
brick cock kick mock rack snack trick
block deck knock neck rock sock truck
buck dock lack pack sack stick tuck
check duck lick pick slack suck wick
(a) Words ending in s, f, z
Words of one syllable with one vowel don't end with the single consonants s, f, z
ଏକକ ଧନିବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ସରବର୍ତ୍ତି ଥିଲେ ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକ s,f,z ରେ ଶେଷ ନ ହୋଇ ଦୁଇଟି ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣରେ ଶେଷ
ହୁଅନ୍ତି ।
bliss less bluff naff buzz
class miss cliff ruff jazz
fuss pass huff buff puzz
glass toss muff staff whizz
(b) Words of one syllable with one vowel never end in a single/ :
ଏକକ ଧନିବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଶବ୍ଦଗଡିକରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ସରବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଥିଲେ ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଗୋଟିଏ l ରେ ଶେଷ ନ ହୋଇ ଦୁଇଟି 11ରେ ଶେଷ ହୁଏ |
all doll hall null small tall
ball dull hill pill smell till
bull fall ill pull swell yell
call fill kill roll still well
(c) Words of one syllable with two vowels end in single 1:
ଏକକ ଧ୍ୱନି ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ଦୁଇଟି ସ୍ୱରବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଥିଲେ କେବଳ ଗୋଟିଏ lରେ ଶେଷ ହୁଏ ।
bail deal foil peal sail tool
boil dual goal peel soil weal
coal fail heal pool soul wheel
coil feel heel real tail wool
cool fool meal reel toil zeal
RULE - 6
Words with ie or ei
(a) The usual rule is that i comes before e :
ସାଧାରଣତଃ ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ e ପୂର୍ବରୁ । ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ ।
achieve chief grief mien siege
believe diet fierce niece sieve
brief field lien piece thief
(b) e comes before i after c
c ପରେ ପୂର୍ବରୁ e ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ ।
ceiling perceive receipt conceive
deceive receive conceit
Exception ବ୍ୟତିକ୍ରମ
deity feint leisure their
eight foreign neighbor veil
either height reign weight
RULE -7
Plurals
(i)(a) Nouns ending in s, ss, sh, ch (6) or x take es in the plural
ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ପଦଟି s, ss, sh, ch, x ରେ ହୋଇଥିଲେ es ଯୋଗ କରାଯାଇ ବହୁବଚନ କରାଯାଏ |
bus-buses
class classes
bush--bushes
bench-benches
box+boxes
gas-gases
glass+glasses
dish dishes
branch-branches
fox-foxes
punch → punches
trench → trenches
(b) Nouns ending in y preceded by a consonant form their plural by changing y into les.
ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ପଦଟି y ରେ ଶେଷ ହୋଇ ତା’ ପୂର୍ବରୁ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଥିଲେ y କୁ । ରେ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ କର es ଯୋଗ କରାଯାଏ ।
baby-babies
duty-duties
body-bodies
factory-factories
lady-ladies
city cities
reply replies
family families
cry-cries
fly-flies
story- stories
country countries
glory-glories
supply-supplies
study-studies
If the final y is preceded by a vowel, the plural is made by adding s to the singular
ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ପଦଟ yରେ ଶେଷ ହୋଇ ତା’ ପୂର୍ବରୁ ସରବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଥଲେ s ଯୋଗ କରି ବହୁବଟନ କରାଯାଏ ।
boy-boys
joy-joys
monkey-monkeys
toy toys
day-days
key-keys
play-plays
valley-valleys
donkey-donkeys
guy-guys
tray-trays
way-ways
(c) Nouns ending in o preceded by a consonant form their plural by adding es.
ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ପଦଟି ୨ ରେ ଶେଷ ହୋଇ ତା’ ପୂର୍ବରୁ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଥିଲେ es ଯୋଗ କରାଯାଇ ବହୁବଚନ କରାଯାଏ |
buffalo-buffaloes
mango-mangoes
potato-potatoes
cargo-cargoes
mosquito-mosquitoes
tomato--tomatoes
echo-echoes
motto+mottoes
tornado-tornadoes
hero->heroes
negro-negroes
volcano-volcanoes
Some nouns of foreign origin or abbreviated words ending in o take s notes
କେତେକ ବିଦେଶୀ ଓ ସଂକ୍ଷେପିତ ଶବ୍ଦ ୦ ରେ ଶେଷ ହୋଇଥିଲେ s ଯୋଗ କରି ବହୁବଚନ କରାଯାଏ ।
auto-autos
dynamo--dynamos
kilo-kilos
piano - pionos
canto cantos
jumbo-jumbos
photo-photos
solo- solos
(d) Nouns ending in double vowel such as eo, io, oo form their plurals by adding s notes.
ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ପଦଟି ଦୁଇଟି ସରବର୍ତ୍ତି ଯଥା- eo, i୦, ୦୦ ରେ ଶେଷ ହୋଇଥିଲେ s ଯୋଗ କରାଯାଇ ବହୁବଚନ କରାଯାଏ ।
stereo-stereos
radio-radios
bamboo-bamboos
kangaroo-kangaroos
video-videos
ratio-ratios
cuckoo-cuckoos
shampoo-shampoos
(e) Twelve nouns ending in for fe are made plural by changing for fe to ves :
କେତେକ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ପଦ (୧୨ଟି) f କିମ୍ବା fe ରେ ଶେଷ ହୋଇଥିଲେ f କିମ୍ବା fe କୁ ves ରେ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ କରାଯାଇ ବହୁବଚନ କରାଯାଏ ।
shelf shelves
knife knives
calf-calves
leaf leaves
thie-fthieves
life lives
elf-elves
loaf loaves
wife wives
wolf-wolves
half-halves
sheaf sheaves
Three nouns ending in f take either s or ves in the plural
ତିନୋଟି ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ପଦ f ରେ ଶେଷ ହୋଇଥିଲେ s କିମ୍ବା ves ଯୁକ୍ତ ହୋଇ ବହୁବଚନ ହୁଏ ।
scarf-scarfs/scarves,
wharf-wharfs/ wharves
hoof→ hoofs/hooves,
Other nouns ending in for fe take s in the plural
କେତେକ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ପଦ f କିମ୍ବା feରେ ଶେଷ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସହିତ s ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାମa plural କରାଯାଏ ।
belief→beliefs
chief→chiefs
cliff-cliffs
drawf→dwarf,
grief-griefs
gulf→gulfs
proof-proofs
reef-reefs
roof-roofs
relief-reliefs
strife-strifes
turf-turfs
SILENT LETTERS
In English some letters remain silent in a word. This gives rise to difficulty both in pronunciation and spelling.
ଇଂରାଜୀ ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ କେତେକ ଅକ୍ଷର ଉଚ୍ଚାରିତ ହୁଏ ନାହିଁ । ଏହି ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣ ଏବଂ ବନାନରେ ଭ୍ରମ ବା ଅସୁବିଧା ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରିଥାଆନ୍ତି । ସେହିପରି କେତେକ ଶବ୍ଦ ନିମ୍ନରେ ପ୍ରଦତ୍ତ ହେଲା ।
Some such words are given below:
(i)crumb, comb, bomb, dumb, tomb, debt, lamb, doubt, thumb, limb, numb, womb, plumber, subtle etc. (କ୍ରାମ, କଉମ୍, ବମ୍ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି)
ଏହି ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ b ଅକ୍ଷର ଉଚ୍ଚାରିତ ହୁଏ ନାହିଁ - (silent b)
(ii) bridge, judge, hedge, lodge, adjective, handsome, handkerchief, Wednesday, ledger,Sandwitch etc. (silent d)
(ବ୍ରିଜ୍, ଜଅଜ୍, ହେଜ୍ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି) ଏହି ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ d ଉଚ୍ଚାରିତ ହୁଏ ନାହିଁ ।
(iii) sign, benign, reign, foreign, feign, design, malign, sovereign etc. (silent g)
(ସାଇନ୍, ବିନାଇନ୍, ଇନ୍, ଫରିନ୍ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି) ଏହି ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ଓ ଉଚ୍ଚାରିତ ହୁଏ ନାହିଁ ।
(iv) hour, honor, heir, rhyme, rhythm, honest, ghost, vehicle, ghee, what, wheat, whistle,
whip, why (silent h)
ଆଉଅ (ର), ଅନଅ(ର), ଏଅ(ର), ରାଇମ୍ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି, ଏହି ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ h ଅକ୍ଷରଟି ଉଚ୍ଚାରିତ ହୁଏ ନାହିଁ ।
(v) know, knot, knit, knave, knee, knife, knock, knowledge (silent k)
(ଅଉ, ନଟ୍, ନିଟ୍, ନେଇଭ୍ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି) ଏହି ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକର k ଅକ୍ଷରଟି (silent k) ଉଚ୍ଚାରିତ ହୁଏ ନାହିଁ ।
(vi) calm, could, chalk, folk, half, palm, should, would, talk, walk, stalk etc. (silent I)
(କାଆମ୍, କଅଡ଼, ଚଅକ୍, ଫଉକ୍ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି) ଏହି ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକର । ଅକ୍ଷରଟି ଉଚ୍ଚାରିତ ହୁଏ ନାହିଁ ।
(vii) autumn, column, condemn, hymn, solemn, (silent n)
(ଅଟଅମ୍, କମ୍, କଅଣ୍ଡେମ୍, ହିମ) ଏହି ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ n ଅକ୍ଷରଟି ଉଚ୍ଚାରିତ ହୁଏ ନାହିଁ ।
(viii) cupboard, psalm, psychology, pneumonia, psychic (silent p)
(କିଆଅଡ୍, ସାଆମ୍, ସାଇକଅଜି, ଟ୍ୟୁଉମଅଉନିଅ, ସାଇକିକ୍ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି) ଏହି ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ p ଅକ୍ଷରଟି ଉଚ୍ଚାରିତ ହୁଏ ନାହିଁ ।
(ix) army, bark, bird, card, court, dark, farm, hurt, Thursday, worthy, worm, warm, warn
etc. (silent r) |
(ଆଆମି, ବାଆକ, ବଅଅଡ଼, ଥଅଜଡେଇ) ଉପରିଲିଖୁତ ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ r ଅକ୍ଷରଟି ଉଚ୍ଚାରିତ ହୁଏ ନାହିଁ ।
(x)Island, isle, islet (Ulamu, alinm) (silent s)
ଏହି ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ s ଅକ୍ଷରଟି ଉଚ୍ଚାରିତ ହୁଏ ନାହିଁ ।
(xi) kitchen, castle, fasten, listen, pestle, often, watch, itch, jostle, rustle, Shawn hustle. scratch etc. (silent t)
( କିଚିନ, କାଆସୁ, ଫାଆଶୁ, ଲିଅନ) ଉପରିଲିଖିତ ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡିକରେ t ଅକ୍ଷରଟି ଉଚ୍ଚାରିତ ହୁଏ ନାହ
(xii) dawn, fawn, wrap, wrist, write, wrestle, wrinkle, wretched, where, whose, wrong,two, sword, who, whom (silent w)
(ଡିଅନ୍, ଫଅନ୍, ରଏପ୍, ରିଷ୍ଟ) ଉପରଲିଖିତ ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ w ଅକ୍ଷରଟି ଉଚ୍ଚାରିତ ହୁଏ ନାହିଁ ।
(xiii) daughter, fight, night, bright, height, right, tight, (silent gh)
(ଡିଅଅ(ର), ଫାଇଟ୍, ନାଇଟ୍, ବ୍ରାଇଟ) ଉପରିଲିଖିତ ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ gh ଉଚ୍ଚାରିତ ହୁଏ ନାହିଁ ।